以下是小编精心整理的如何应对英语面试口语考研,本文共9篇,仅供参考,希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1:如何应对英语面试口语考研
对口语的考查,各个学校各不相同。有的学校制定了非常详细的标准和流程,甚至规定了每个老师发问的方式和时间;有的只是面试老师的自由发挥,成绩也基本上由面试老师主观判定。不管面试是否严格控制, 考生对下面几个问题一定要
认真准备:
1.是自我介绍,如自己来自什么地方、毕业学校、所学专业、业余喜好、家庭基本情况等信息;
2.是做好用英语讲解自己的专业。口语测试时老师很可能考查你用英语阐述专业问题的能力。因此考生对此要有所准备,先用笔头组
织这些问题的要点,然后再用这些关键词组织语言。在阅读专业文献时,也要多积累一些专业方面的英语词汇。
篇2:如何应对英语面试口语考研
1.语言准确性(语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性);
2.话语的长短和连贯性(内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等);
3.语言的灵活性和适合性(语言表达是否灵活、自然,话语是否得体,语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应)。
篇3:如何应对英语面试口语考研
考研英语初试已经落幕,复试离我们越来越近了。考生最担心的是英语口语的问题,因为初试的时候重点是考察了考生的读写能力,复试的时候重点则是考察听说方面的能力。跟多的考生担心自己上了考场“说不出口”。
其实,对于非英语专业的考生而言,大部分学校对口语的考察不会太难,多半是询问一些与个人生活和学习相关的常规问题,而这些问题都是可以提前准备的。都教授为大家总结了十大必考话题,希望考生将这些问题的答案依照个人具体情况整理出来,提前背好,这样才能做到“有话可说”。
1.自我介绍self-introduction
2.考研原因Reasons for taking postgraduate exams
3.研究生计划Plans in the postgraduate study
4.为什么选择这个专业Why do youchoose thismajor?
5.介绍家庭About family
6.我的家乡My hometown
7.我的大学My University
8.毕业后打算Plans after graduation
9.专业相关问题Something about your major.
10.对所考大学的印象;以及对这所大学所在城市的印象
What’s your impression ofour city?
这些都是我们参加复试前必须要准备的问题,要写出详尽的答案,做到熟烂于胸,
尤其是自我介绍,可以说是复试英语的必考问题,往往第一个被问到。我们都知道,第一印象很重要,因此准备一个完备的令人印象深刻的.自我介绍,至关重要!自我介绍一般包括这样的内容:姓名年龄,原专业院校,兴趣爱好,现在所报考的专业,然后说明你对该专业有怎样的兴趣,或者对当前该专业发展的简短评价等等。内容要全面,语言要简洁口语化,逻辑要清楚。由于每个人的复试时间有限,说2到3分钟,大概500词就可以。自我介绍必须提前写好,而且要背的非常熟练,说的时候要自然流畅,不能看出背诵的痕迹。考生可以在家里对着镜子大声练习。还可以将自己的录音录下来,自己感受一下有哪些发音问题。当然最好的办法是找到专业的英语老师帮助你批改一下,纠正一下发音错误,调整语音语调。
记住:面试英语非常注重细节,所以这些问题的准备千万不能偷懒,草草了事。按照我们以往的经验,有些同学初试的时候英语成绩较好,但是到复试的时候依然会出现很多口语表达问题。所以,在最后关头,千万不要懈怠,要继续努力,坚持到底。按照复试口语的要求认真备考,都教授与你们同在,直至取得最后的胜利!
篇4:如何应对英语面试口语
如何应对英语面试口语
第一部分准备英语口语
对口语的考查,各个学校各不相同,有的学校制定了非常详细的标准和流程,甚至规定了每个老师发问的方式和时间;有的只是面试老师的自由发挥,成绩也基本上由面试老师主观判定。不管面试是否严格控制, 考生对下面几个问题一定要
认真准备:
1.是自我介绍,如自己来自什么地方、毕业学校、所学专业、业余喜好、家庭基本情况等信息;
2.是做好用英语讲解自己的专业。口语测试时老师很可能考查你用英语阐述专业问题的能力。因此考生对此要有所准备,先用笔头组
织这些问题的要点,然后再用这些关键词组织语言。在阅读专业文献时,也要多积累一些专业方面的英语词汇。
第二部分复试英语口语的评价标准
1.语言准确性(语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性);
2.话语的长短和连贯性(内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等);
3.语言的灵活性和适合性(语言表达是否灵活、自然,话语是否得体,语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应)。
英语面试如何应对?
1.Tell me about yourself/ How would you describe yourself?
跟我谈谈你自己/你会如何描述你自己?
You walk into the interview room, shake hands with your interviewer and sit down with your best interviewing smile on. Guess what their first question is? “Tell me about yourself.” Your interviewer is not looking for a 10-minute dissertation here. Instead, offer a razor sharp sentence or two that sets the stage for further discussion and sets you apart from your competitor.
你走进面试房间,带着你最好的微笑和面试官握手然后坐下。猜猜他们的第一个问题是什么?“告诉我关于你自己。“面试官不想要一个10分钟的论文。相反,准备一个犀利的句子或两句,为你下一步讨论做基础,并把你和你的竞争对手区分开。
Your Unique Selling Proposition (USP)
说出你独特的销售方式
Give them “your synopsis about you” answer, specifically your Unique Selling Proposition. Known as a personal branding or a value-added statement, the USP is a succinct, one-sentence description of who you are, your biggest strength and the major benefit that a company will derive from this strength. Here is an example of a Unique Selling Proposition: “I’m a seasoned Retail Manager strong in developing training programs and loss prevention techniques that have resulted in revenue savings of over $2.3Million for (employer’s name) during the past 11 years.”
给他们“你的简介”的做为回答,特别是你的独特的销售主张。被人熟知的品牌或增值声明,简洁独特的销售主张,用一句话描述你是谁,你的最大优势和主要优点,公司从你这些优势中能获得什么。举一个你有独特的销售主张例子:“我是一个经验丰富的零售经理,尤其在发展培训项目和预防损失技巧方面,我为以前的雇主在过去的中收入超过230万美元的储蓄(雇主的名字)在。”
How would you describe yourself?
这个问题的'答案应该是和他们的招聘广告上对于雇员的要求的基本一致,所以,看看你有哪些特质满足了他们的要求吧。
Were they looking for initiative, a good communicator, someone with good attention to detail? Describe yourself in these terms. Start with “I am..” and not with “I think…” or “I believe..” so that you sound self aware and confident.
他们寻找主动,善于交流,有良好的对细节的关注?根据这些来描述自己,
从“我. .”而不是“我认为…”或“我相信. .“这样你听起来感觉有良好的自我意识和自信。
2.”What are your goals for the future?” or “Where do you see yourself in five years?”
你未来的目标是是什么?或者,你在未来5年想要变成什么样子呢?
Don’t discuss your goals for returning to school or having a family, they are not relevant and could knock you out of contention for the job. Rather, you want to connect your answer to the job you are applying for.
不要讨论你要重返学校或者组建家庭,这些都是和你的工作无关紧要的,你的回答要联系你所申请的工作。
最佳答案:
-My long-term goals involve growing with a company where I can continue to learn, take on additional responsibilities, and contribute as much of value as I can.
我的长期目标,与公司一起成长,包括我可以继续学习,承担必要的责任,尽可能的贡献我的价值。
-I see myself as a top performing employee in a well-established organization, like this one. I plan on enhancing my skills and continuing my involvement in (related) professional associations.
我把自己看作是一个运行良好的组织中表现最好的员工,我计划提高我的技能并继续参与相关专业的协作中。
-Once I gain additional experience, I would like to move on from a technical position to management.
一旦我获得更多的经验,我希望可以从技术岗转到管理岗。
3、What do you look for in a job?
你想找什么样的工作?
This is really a question about suitability, though we‘ve included it here.Focus on the advert criteria and you won’t go far wrong. For example, if the advert called for someone to lead others, you might say:
这是一个关于适应性的问题,尽管我们已经包括在这里。关注招聘启事中的要求,你就不会错太多。例如,如果启事中需要领导别人,你可以这样说:
“I like a job where I can lead and motivate others and enjoy seeing improvements in team performance”.
“我喜欢领导和激励他人的工作,并享受看到团队绩效的进步”。
If the advert called for a target-focused individual, you might say:
如果启事中需要一个专注自己目标的人,你可以说:
“I like having targets. They encourage me to stretch myself and beat them!”
我喜欢我目标的感觉,他们鼓励我拓展自己并且战胜他们!”
篇5:考研英语面试常用口语
考研英语口语面试中常见传统问题总结
首先必有的一个环节就是自我介绍,考生可以提前背一些自认为最容易把握的模板,并把自己的特色加在里面,这将会为你在老师心中的印象加分不少。其实,把一种模板掌握得很熟练,足矣。
在自我介绍完了,老师就会开始问你问题这里列出一些常见的问题,可以认真准备。注意在准备的过程中,要结合自己的经历和见解来准备答案,让自己回答的问题和整个的自我介绍融为一个整体。
在每一年的面试中都会有很多相同的问题,这些问题看起来很平常,却有很多陷阱。回答这些常见的看起来很平常的问题,是很有艺术的。
传统面试问题(Sample Traditional Interview Questions)
1、“What can you tell me about yourself?” (“关于你自己,你能告诉我些什么?”)
This is not an invitation to give your life history. The interviewer is looking for clues about your character, qualifications, ambitions, and motivations.
这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史。是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索。来判断你是否适合读MBA。
The following is a good example of a positive response. “In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in. As a college student, I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily. The sale was important, but for me, it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied. It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them. I'm very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.”
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子:“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动,并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间,我曾在一家服装店打工,我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要,但对我来说,更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识,力求完美对我很重要。”
2、“What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?”(“在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么?”)
Know what you can realistically accomplish. You can find out by talking to others MBA about what they accomplished in their first five years with a particular company after graduation.
“I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager, I am planning on that also.”
你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。你可以事先和其他的MBA交流一番。问问他们在毕业后在公司的头5年都做了些什么。
可以这样回答:“我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作,由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人,所以我亦有此打算。”
3. “What is your greatest strength”?“ (”你最突出的优点是什么?“)
这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题。
This is a real opportunity to toot your own horn. Do not brag or get too egotistical, but let the employer know that you believe in yourself and that you know your strengths.
”I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done. I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I'd planned. I've set some high goals for myself. For example, I want to graduate with highest distinction. And even though I had a slow start in my freshman year, I made up for it by doing an honor's thesis.“
这是你”展示自己“的最佳机会,不要吹嘘自己或过于自负,但要让雇主知道你相信自己,你知道自己的优点。
如可答:”我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。当做完一件工作而其成果又正合我的预想时,我会有一种真正的成就感。我给自己定了一些高目标。比如说,我要成为出色的毕业生。尽管在大学一年级时我启动慢了些,但最终我以优等论文完成了学业。
4. “What is your greatest weakness?”(“你最大的弱点是什么?”)
You cannot avoid this question by saying that you do not have any, everyone has weaknesses.
The best approach is to admit your weakness but show that you are working on it and have a plan to overcome it. If possible, cite a weakness that will work to the company's advantage. “I' m such a perfectionist that I won't stop until a job is well done.
你不应该说你没有任何弱点,以此来回避这个问题;每个人都有弱点。最佳策略是承认你的弱点,但同时表明你在予以改进,并有克服弱点的计划。
可能的话,你可说出一项可能会给公司带来好处的弱点,如可说:”我是一个完美主义者。工作做得不漂亮,我是不会撒手的。“
5. ”How do you feel about your progress to date?“ (”对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看的?“)
Never apologize for what you have done.
”I think I did well in school. In fact, in a number of courses I received the highest exam scores in the class.“ ”As an intern for the X Company, I received some of the highest evaluations that had been given in years.
绝不要对你以前的所作所为表示内疚。
如可答:“我认为我在学校表现不错。事实上,有好几门功课我的成绩居全班第一。”“在某公司实习时,我获得了该公司数年来给予其雇员的好几项最高评价。”
其他常见的英语面试问题:
7.Why did you take the MBA examination? Would you please say something about the currently MBA program in China?
8.Why do you choose RENMIN University to study MBA? Tell me a little about RENMIN University form your understanding.
9.If you failed this time what will you do in the near future?
10.Why do you want to be a part of MBA students?
11.Why do you think you are qualified for MBA program?
12.Do you have a career plan in 5 years?
13.What do you want to do after your MBA study?
14.What is the most important qualification that a MBA student should have?
15.What do you do in your spare time?
在面试快结束的时候,一般考官都会问,你有没有什么要问的。除非你是最后一个面试者,你明显感到所有的考官都急切的想离开,一般不适合说“I don’t have any question.”可以问考官一两个你关心的问题(Questions you should ask the recruiter):
16.What changes do you anticipate in our school? (你希望我们学校会有些什么样的变化)
17.Which is the best course in our school? (什么课程是我们院最好的课程)
18.Does our school provide some guidance of job to MBA?
最后可以说:Thank you for giving me the chance. I hope to see you again and soon. (谢谢您给我机会,我希望很快能再见到您。)
[考研英语面试常用口语]
篇6:面试口语:如何应对电话英语面试
Sometimes companies will ask you for a telephone interview before a face to face one. This is used to narrow down the number of applicants and is especially true in the following cases. When candidates have to travel a long way, in this way the company can cut down on travel expenses. When there are a lot of candidates and when CV screening may not be sufficient; personality may be a key factor in this kind of job. Finally when the job you’ve applied for involves a lot of talking to people on the phone.
If you are calling them, you should have a specific time. Be punctual and call at the precise time. Too early shows you are over enthusiastic and too late shows lack of interest. If you can’t get through, leave a message with the receptionist to show you called at the right time. If they have said they will call you then they might do it at any time. Because of this you need to be ready for a phone interview at a moment’s notice; preparation is vital. Firstly find out as much as you can about the company and the job. Then make a note of any questions you want to ask and have a note book and pen ready along with a copy of your CV.
在你打电话给公司,进行面试之前,要确保你有充足的时间。记住要守时,按照公司要求,准点打电话。过早会显得你过于热情,太迟会让人觉得你不够诚心。如果你打不通的话,给接线员留下信息,证明你按时拨打电话了。如果公司说,他们会打电话给你,你就要做好准备随时接电话了。因此,你需要随时准备着,准备这个过程也是至关重要的。首先,搜索关于公司和工作的相关信息,越多越好;然后记录下你想要问的问题;同时随身携带纸笔和你的简历。
Once you are ready to make or receive the call, make sure all TVs and radios are switched off and that you are in a quiet room with the door shut. When talking on the phone your tone of voice is all important. It might help to do a practice interview with a friend or family member. If you tape it you can see how you sound and work on reducing hesitations and the “ums” and “ahs” you use. You can also rehearse answering typical questions such as; “Tell me about yourself”.
一旦你准备接听或拨打面试电话,你要确保你身处一个安静独立的房间,且电视广播等声源都已关闭。电话通话中,你的语音语调是非常重要的。可以提前和亲戚朋友做做练习。在你准备的过程中,录音可以让你发现如何调整自己的声音,如何减少嗯嗯啊啊的等犹豫语气词的使用次数。你也可以演练一些常见问题,例如:“你是一个怎么样的人.”
When you answer the phone, announce your name in an enthusiastic way and, throughout the interview, sound interested and energetic. Be succinct, give short answers and don’t go on and on in a long winded fashion. Likewise don’t swear or use colloquialisms or jargon; you might be tempted to, in order to seem cool or fashionable, but don’t! It would be a good idea to have glass of water nearby, in case your throat gets dry, but don’t smoke, eat or chew gum. Speak slowly and clearly and take your time. Use the person’s title, Mr. or Mrs. and their last name, regularly throughout the conversation. Also, use the company’s name from time to time but don’t address the interviewer by his or her first name unless asked to. Smile! This will change the tone of your voice and project a positive image to the listener.
接电话过程中,回答自己名字的时候要热情活力,面试中,要始终听起来对工作报以最大兴趣,且精力充沛。回答问题的时候要简明扼要,不要使用句式繁杂的长句。不要使用宣誓,方言,或行话,即使听起来让人感觉你很酷很时尚,也别这么说。面试时候,可以在旁边放杯水,口渴时候润润喉,不要吸烟,吃东西或嚼口香糖。调整语速,吐词清楚。使用某某先生或女士等称谓,时不时在对话中以此称呼对方,也可以数次提及公司的名字,不过不要去姓留名的称呼对方,除非对方提出你可以。保持微笑!微笑会改变你的声音,会给面试官留下你积极乐观的印象。
Closing the interview is an important ability in itself. You need to show your enthusiasm at some stage by asking for a date to meet for a face to face interview. If the interviewer doesn’t give a direct answer you could offer to call again at a later date to find out; you have to be keen but not pushy.
结束面试本身也大有内容。你需要体现你的热情,询问是否能接到当面的面试。如果面试官没有给你直接答复,你可以说:“下次我再打个电话问一下是否有当面面试的机会吧。”你要表现出来精神面貌是积极进取,而不是一意孤行。
After the interview take notes about what you were asked and how you answered. Send a thank you letter or email which reinforces your interest in the job.
面试之后,记录下你被问到的问题和你所做的回答。发出感谢信,这样可以让对方知道你对这份工作真的很有意。
[最新面试口语:如何应对电话英语面试]
篇7:考研英语面试问题口语
1、Please answer these questions in English!
1)Do you think numbers are important in people’s lives?
Numbers are very important in our daily lives. We come across numbers every day and even every minute. Numbers are used for various aspects and reasons in our lives, for example, telephone numbers, address numbers, price, weight, height, so on and so forth. We couldn't imagine living in a world without numbers
2)Can you list some unlucky numbers in China or in other countries? Why?
The most representative unlucky numbers in China are numbers related to four, such as four, fourteen, forty. It is because the pronunciation of four in Chinese is similar to the word “die”, therefore, Chinese always regard numbers related to four as extremely unlucky. While in others counties, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and Europe, they have a history of considering13 to be an unlucky number. The association with thirteen and bad luck is thought to be tied to Christianity and The Last Supper.
2、Please answer these questions in English!
1)Can you list some lucky numbers in China or in other countries? Why?
Generally speaking, the Chinese are fond of numbers like six or eight, which are considered to be fortunate. The number eight is quite lucky in China for it means getting rich. Seven, for instance, is a lucky number in many countries.
2)Some traditional ideas die hard. Can you give any advice on getting rid of some ideas which are not scientific?
Some traditional ideas are losing popularity nowadays. For instance, the idea that a married woman is just a property of man and they should stay at home to take care of family affairs is now out of date. Traditional ideas follow in this type or more serious ones should be get rid of by improving of the public's knowledge. The more intellectual of the people, the brighter of our country.
3、Please answer these questions in English!
1)What do you think is the happiest time for you, at high school or at university? Why? In my opinion, I think university time is the happiest time. Because at high school study comes first and I was very busy in reviewing and doing exercise, while at university, apart from studying hard as my style, I also have plenty of time to work as the class leader, read books , listen to music, hang out with friends, travel and so on in my spare time, which cannot be done at high school. I have not only developed harmonious relationship with roommates, classmate, and schoolmates, but also improved my overall abilities, such as joining students union.
2)What in your life do you feel most proud of?
I think the most proud time in my life comes when my parents and my relative said they were very happy for me and were extremely proud of me for I was admitted to Southwest Jiaotong University as an undergraduate four years ago. If I have the honor to be admitted as a graduate this time, I would be proud , so would my parents.
4、Please answer these questions in English!
1)What’s your understanding for friendship?
Friendship is an important part of my life. It makes who I am today. I agree with the old saying“A friend indeed is a friend in need.” , so I am eager to give a helping hand to my friends. I share my happiness and sorrows with my friends, so do they. Sharing makes us feel close to each other and makes problems less troublesome.
2)Can you say something about your classmates?
I find that university is quite different from high school. High school is a small pond scattered with several excellent students while university is a stream filled with many excellent students. In general , my classmates are excellent. Some of them are talented, some of them study hard to become excellent and others have their specialities. Studying with them is happy as well as challenging.
5、Please answer these questions in English!
1)What is the greatest challenge you’ve met since you entered university?
The greatest challenge I've met since I entered this university is the adjustment of new . When I came to this university, everything was completely new and unfamiliar to me. So I had to adapt to them. It took me more than two weeks to get used to the whole thing successfully and it provided very useful experience.
2)Among the people you know, who do you admire most? Tell us why?
The person I admire most is my father. Although he hasn't get much education, he sets a good example of for my sister and myself. He is the type of person who speaks little but works much and he never cares about his clothing or food but my education. From him, I've learned that hard work, honesty and love will make our life more colorful and meaningful.
[考研英语面试问题口语]
篇8:非常经典的考研英语面试口语
1.Where do you come from?
2.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown?
3.What do you do during the Spring Festival?
4.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown.
5.Could you tell me something about your family?
6.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take?
7.Which kind of professor do you like best?
8.What does friendship mean to you and what kind of people do you make friend with?
9.What is your major? How do you like your major?
10.When and where did you graduate? What qualifications have you obtained?
11.What impressed you most when you were at university?
12.What is the best university in your opinion?
13.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society? Why ?
14.What do you do for a living?
15.What are your job prospects?
16.If you had the opportunity to change your subject, what would you do with it?
17.What are your spare time interests?
18.Where have you been traveling to? Which place interested you most?
19.What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries?
20.Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program?
21.What difficulties do you think you'll encounter in your studies?
22.Why did you choose our university?
23.If there were an opportunity of studying abroad, what would you do?
24.Should you study more theory or do more practice? Give your reasons, please。
25.What do you intend to do after you finish studying?
26.How serious is unemployment among young people and what will you do if you cannot find a job after graduation?
27.In your opinion, what are the most serious problems associated with modern life?
28.What do you think have been the most important changes in your study field over the past 5 years?
29.How do you afford your tuition?
30.Does your family support your decision on studying? What help do they offer?
篇9:考研复试英语面试自我介绍口语
Good morning/afternoon, my dear teachers (my dear professors)。 I am very glad to be here for your interview. My name is ___.I am ___ years old. I come from _______, a very beautiful city. My undergraduate period will be accomplished in _______university in July, 2009. And now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to ________ University.
Generally speaking, I am a hard-working student. I will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. When I was sophomore, I found web design very interesting, so I learned it very hard. To weave a homepage for myself, I stayed with my personal computer for half a month, and I am the first one in my class who own his homepage. Furthermore, I am a person with great perseverance. During the days preparing for the first examination, I insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like. And just owning to this, I could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.
Well, in my spare time, I like basketball, tennis and Chinese chess. Also, English is my favorite. I often go to English corner to practice my oral English on every Thursday, and write compositions to improve my written ability. But I know my English is not good enough, I will continue studying.
Ok, that‘s all, thank you for your attention
看了考研复试英语面试自我介绍口语的还看了:
1.考研复试面试自我介绍英语范文4篇
2.考研复试英语自我介绍范文3篇
3.考研复试口语自我介绍
4.考研复试面试英语自我介绍
文档为doc格式