以下是小编帮大家整理的英国文学简史笔记，本文共8篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：英国文学简史笔记
英国文学简史笔记
A Concise1 History of British Literature
Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period
I.Introduction
1. The historical background
(1) Before the Germanic invasion
(2) During the Germanic invasion
a. immigration;
b. Christianity;
c. heptarchy.来源：考试大
d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord) – thane - middle class (freemen) - lower class (slave or bondmen: theow);
e. social organization: clan3 or tribes.
f. military Organization;
g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;
h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;
i. Feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.
2. The Overview4 of the culture
(1) The mixture of pagan and Christian2 spirit.
(2) Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.
II.Beowulf.来源：www.examda.com
1. A general introduction.
2. The content.考试大(www.Examda。com)
3. The literary features.
(1) the use of alliteration5
(2) the use of metaphors6 and understatements
(3) the mixture of pagan and Christian elements
III.The Old English Prose
1.What is prose?
2.figureswww.Examda.CoM
(1)The Venerable Bede
(2)Alfred the Great
Chapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction
1. The Historical Background.
(1) The year 1066: Norman Conquest.
(2) The social situations soon after the conquest.
A. Norman nobles and serfs;
B. restoration of the church.
(3) The 11th century.
A. the crusade and knights8.
B. dominance of French and Latin;
(4) The 12th century.
A. the centralized government;
B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);
(5) The 13th century.
A. The legend of Robin9 Hood10;
B. Magna Carta (1215);
C. the beginning of the Parliament
D. English and Latin: official languages (the end)
(6) The 14th century.
a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;
b. the rise of towns.www.Examda.CoM
c. the change of Church.
d. the role of women.
e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.
f. the development of the trade: London.
g. the Black Death.www.Examda.CoM
h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.
i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.
(7) The 15th century.
a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)
b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.
c. the printing-press—William Caxton.
d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)
2. The Overview of Literature.
(1) the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.
(2) Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.
(3) Wace—Le Roman de Brut.
(4) The romance.
(5) the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.
II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight7.
1. a general introduction.
2. the plot.
III.William Langland.
1. Life
2. Piers11 the Plowman
IV.Chaucer
1. Life
2. Literary Career: three periods
(1) French period
(2) Italian period
(3) master period
3. The Canterbury Tales
A. The Framework;
B. The General Prologue12;
C. The Tale Proper.
4. His Contribution.
(1) He introduced from France the rhymed stanza13 of various types.
(2) He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.
(3) The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
V. Popular Ballads14.
VI.Thomas Malory and English Prose
VII.The beginning of English Drama.
1. Miracle Plays.
Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy15 of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric16 character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.
2. Morality Plays.
A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices17 and virtues18, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.
3. Interlude.
The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty19, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation20 of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially21 an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.
Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance1 I.A Historical Background
II.The Overview2 of the Literature (1485-1660)
Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus3 and direction of literature.
Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity4 and reformed education.
Literary style-modeled on the ancients.
The effect of humanism-the dissemination5 of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents6.
1. poetry
The first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.
The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity7.
The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.
The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian8 and Biblical tradition.
2. Drama
a. the native tradition and classical examples.
b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.
3. Prose
a. translation of Bible;
b. More;
c. Bacon.
II.English poetry.
1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers9)
(1) Wyatt: introducing sonnets11.
(2) Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.
2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer
(1) Life:
a. English gentleman;
b. brilliant and fascinating personality;
c. courtier.
(2) works
a. Arcadia: pastoral romance;
b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet10 sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.
Petrarchan conceits12 and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative13 story; theme-love originality-act of writing.
c. Defense14 of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.
3. Edmund Spenser
(1) life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.
(2) works
a. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.
b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequence
c. Faerie Queene:
l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue15.
l 12 books and 12 virtues16: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.
l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic17 meaning)
l Many allusions18 to classical writers.
l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.
(3) Spenserian Stanza19.
III.English Prose
1. Thomas More
(1) Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat20, patron of arts
a. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford21;
b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;
c. Lord Chancellor22;
d. beheaded.
(2) Utopia: the first English science fiction.
Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.
A philosophical23 mariner24 (Raphael Hythloday) tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.
a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting25 his philosophy.
b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.
c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.
d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.
e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening26 of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism27.
f. the Utopia
(3) the significance.
a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic28 material.
b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.
2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman
(1) life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor – bribery29 - focusing on philosophy and literature.
(2) philosophical ideas: advancement30 of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.
(3) “Essays”: 57.
a. he was a master of numerous and varied31 styles.
b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)
IV.English Drama
1. A general survey.
(1) Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.
(2) two influences.
a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;
b. native or popular drama.
(3) the University Wits.
2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright32 before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.
(1) Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.
(2) Major works
a. Tamburlaine;
b. The Jew of Malta;
c. The Tragical33 History of Doctor Faustus.
(3) The significance of his plays.
V. William Shakespeare
1. Life
(1) 1564, Stratford-on-Avon;
(2) Grammar School;
(3) Queen visit to Castle;
(4) marriage to Anne Hathaway;
(5) London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor34;
(6) the 1st Folio, Quarto;
(7) Retired35, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.
2. Dramatic career
3. Major plays-men-centered.
(1) Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate
(2) The Merchant of Venice.
Good over evil.
Anti-Semitism.
(3) Henry IV.
National unity36.
Falstaff.
(4) Julius Caesar
Republicanism vs. dictatorship.
(5) Hamlet
Revenge
Good/evil.
(6) Othello
Diabolic character
jealousy37
gap between appearance and reality.
(7) King Lear
Filial ingratitude38
(8) Macbeth
Ambition vs. fate.
(9) Antony and Cleopatra.
Passion vs. reason
(10) The Tempest
Reconciliation39; reality and illusion.
3. Non-dramatic poetry
(1) Venus and Adonis; The Rape40 of Lucrece.
(2) Sonnets:
a. theme: fair, true, kind.
b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion41.
c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.
d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
VI.Ben Jonson
1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)
2.contribution:
(1) the idea of “humour”.
(2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner42 of classicism in English literature.
3. Major plays
(1) Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities43.
(2) Volpone the Fox
justify23\"> Chapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical Background
II.The Overview1 of the Literature (1640-1688)
1. The revolution period
(1) The metaphysical poets;
(2) The Cavalier poets.
(3) Milton: the literary and philosophical2 heritage of the Renaissance3 merged4 with Protestant political and moral conviction
2. The restoration period.
(1) The restoration of Charles II ushered5 in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft6 management, and simplicity7. (school of Ben Jonson)
(2) The ideals of impartial8 investigation9 and scientific experimentation10 promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662) were influential11 in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.
(3) The great philosophical and political treatises12 of the time emphasize rationalism.
(4) The restoration drama.
(5) The Age of Dryden.
III.John Milton
1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics13.
2. Literary career.
(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite15 taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy16 on the death of a college mate, Edward King.
(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy17 that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic18 ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.
(3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted19 entity20. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets21. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments22 of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.
3. Major Works
(1) Paradise Lost
a. the plot.
b. characters.
c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.
(2) Paradise Regained24.
(3) Samson Agonistes.
4. Features of Milton's works.
(1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.
(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.
(3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted25 for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.
(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity26 of thought and majesty27 of expression.
IV.John Bunyan
1. life:
(1) puritan age;
(2) poor family;
(3) parliamentary army;
(4) Baptist society, preacher;
(5) prison, writing the book.
2. The Pilgrim Progress
(1) The allegory in dream form.
(2) the plot.
(3) the theme.
V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.
1. Metaphysical Poets
The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial28 language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.
2. Cavalier Poets
The other group prevailing29 in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous30 and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity31 of the Elizabethan lyric32 without its imaginative flights. They are lighter33 and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.
VI.John Dryden.
1. Life:
(1) the representative of classicism in the Restoration.
(2) poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist34.
(3) changeable in attitude.
(4) Literary career—four decades.
(5) Poet Laureate
2. His influences.
(1) He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric35, didactic, and descriptive poetry.
(2) He developed a direct and concise36 prose style.
(3) He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.
Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction
1. The Historical Background.
2. The literary overview.
(1) The Enlightenment.
(2) The rise of English novels.
When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing37 with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative38 poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns39 of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.
(3) Neo-classicism: a revival40 in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents41 of the neo-classical school.
(4) Satiric literature.
(5) Sentimentalism
II.Neo-classicism. (a general description)
1. Alexander Pope
(1)Life:
a.Catholic family;
b.ill health;
c.taught himself by reading and translating;
d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.
(2)three groups of poems:
e.An Essay on Criticism (manifesto42 of neo-classicism);
f. The Rape43 of Lock;
g.Translation of two epics.
(3)His contribution:
h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance44, wit, pointedness45;
i.satire46.
(4) weakness: lack of imagination.
2. Addison and Steele
(1) Richard Steele: poet, playwright47, essayist, publisher of newspaper.
(2) Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford48, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)
(3) Spectator Club.
(4) The significance of their essays.
a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.
c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre49. Using it as a form of character sketching50 and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.
3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer51, editor.
(1)Life:
a.studies at Oxford;
b.made a living by writing and translating;
c.the great cham of literature.
(2) works: poem (The Vanity of Human Wishes, London); criticism (The Lives of great Poets); preface.
(3) The champion of neoclassical ideas.
III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.
1.Life:
(1)born in Ireland;
(2)studies at Trinity College;
(3)worked as a secretary;
(4)the chief editor of The Examiner;
(5)the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.
2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.
3. Gulliver's Travels.
Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.
Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation52 of war.
Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.
Part IV. Satire—mankind.
IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.
1. The Rise of novels.
(1)Early forms: folk tale – fables53 – myths – epic14 – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. (imaginative narrative)
(2)The rise of the novel
a.picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century): Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts54 in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.
b.Sidney: Arcadia.
c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.
(plot and characterization and realism)
(3) novel and drama (17the century)
2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.)
(1)Life:
a.business career;
b.writing career;
c.interested in politics.
(2) Robinson Cusoe.
a. the story.
b. the significance of the character.
c. the features of his novels.
d. the style of language.
3. Henry Fielding—novelist.
(1)Life:
a.unsuccessful dramatic career;
b.legal career; writing career.
(2) works.
(3) Tom Jones.
a.the plot;
b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;
c.significance.
(4) the theory of realism.
(5) the style of language.
V. Writers of Sentimentalism.
1. Introduction
2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist (One who is unduly55 concerned with the morals of others.)
(1)Life:
a.printer book seller;
b.letter writer.
(2) Pamela, Virtue56 Rewarded.
a.the story
b.the significance
Pamela was a new thing in these ways:
a) It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.
b) Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.
c) It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.
3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.
A. Life:
a.born in Ireland;
b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;
c.bookseller;
d.the Literary Club;
e.a miserable57 life;
f. the most lovable character in English literature.
B. The Vicar of Wakefield.
a.story;
b.the signicance.
VI.English Drama of the 18th century
1. The decline of the drama
2. Richard Brinsley Sheriden
A. life.
B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.
C. significance of his plays.
a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.
b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes58 harshly at the social vices59 of the day.
c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical60 art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn61 knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.
d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor62, are all sharply drawn63, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony64 is masterly. Witty65 dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.
篇2：2022年小说《时间简史》笔记
如一般的科普读物一样，书中提到了宇宙的过去，宇宙约诞生于150亿年前，那时，宇宙只是一个点，不占有空间，也没有时间的概念。在这一点发生了大爆炸，时间从此开始。
按照霍金的理论，宇宙持续地在膨胀，也许在膨胀到一定程度后，宇宙开始收缩，可能会收缩成一个点，一个不占有空间的点。到那时，时间便会结束。
时间终究会结束，这些看起来离我们很遥远的理论，却在霍金的拷问下延伸到每个普通人的生存意义——既然我们生在当下的“时间”之中，又怎么能辜负“时间”?因为有了那次大爆炸，才有了地球，才有了我们。也许在很久之后宇宙真的收缩成了一个点，我们的文明会被终结。但终有一天宇宙会再发生一次爆炸，会再次产生新的文明，新的我们，如此周而复始。然而，我们应当对自己，对“时间”负责，不能失去“时间”了才感到遗憾。
无疑，霍金的遭遇为这本书做了最好的注解。一个卢伽雷氏症的患者，肌肉一点一点萎缩，却在用上天赐予的头颅窥测着宇宙的奥秘，证实人生的意义。对比霍金，我们是何等的幸运，毕竟我们没有疾病扭曲着身体，没有因为手术而被彻底剥夺说话能力。我们应当像霍金所证实的那样，努力做有意义的事情，让生命留下辉煌的印记。
现在，我了解了这些，我不仅对书中的宇宙学理论产生了浓厚的兴趣，还感叹霍金是如何才能完成这样的著作。现在，我面对着美丽的夜空，继续让自己沉浸在深远的思考中，虽然不能像霍金那样洞察宇宙，完成对“时间”的书写，但我会让自己与宇宙相比犹如一粒尘埃一般的生命放出光芒。
篇3：2022年小说《时间简史》笔记
宇宙的起源果然是非常奇妙的，就像《道德经》所言，可谓“玄之又玄，众妙之门”啊。奇点也好，暴涨理论也罢，都是从观察到的现象的角度尽量解释大爆炸及之后的宇宙如何发展。当然，也会有人择理论，认为宇宙之所以如此发展，是由于我们的存在。
种种理论，都能够解释一些现象，却还是无法对于宇宙之所以有起源作出最准确的解释，所以有造物主拨动了大爆炸的齿轮似乎也不是一句玩笑话啊。大爆炸后的1秒钟，温度降低到约为100亿度，这大约是太阳中心温度的1千倍，亦即氢弹爆炸达到的温度。这是第一次了解到氢弹爆炸能够达到如此的温度。铁的熔点不过1500多摄氏度，熔点最高的材料碳化钽铪合金也只是3990摄氏度，100亿度真的是一个人类无法想象，无法描述的温度——你甚至找不到什么词语去形容它。不过现在我知道了，原来人类已经能够造出爆炸可达10亿度的武器了，想不到究竟什么物质能阻挡一颗氢弹的近距离爆炸。想一想人类还是脆弱的。小到疾病的困扰，大到武器的袭击，每一样都可以夺走人类的生命。
不过从某种意义上来讲，人类也是强大的，可以造出毁灭地球的武器，也可以看到光年之外的星系。《时间简史》不仅仅给我带来了物理意义上的思考，还有生命层次的启迪。智慧这种看不到摸不着的存在，竟也可以反映在几条染色体上，并且经历了30亿年的从粒子到生命体的演变。我相信以后一定会有基因改造人出现，只是不知道那时候人类是否已经冲出了太阳系。
当下为宇宙起源争论不休，或许若干世纪之后，人类也能亲手制造一个宇宙——就像吹泡泡一样简单。
“时间”究竟是什么?晚上，我坐在窗前，出神地望着无限的夜空，反刍着刚刚读完，放在一边的《时间简史》。
“时间”，它既看不见，也摸不着。它可以被浪费时间的人无限缩小，几年如同几日一般重复;它也可以被珍惜时间的人无限放大，变成在无限的宇宙中也能看得见的闪耀光点。霍金便是一个可以让有限的时间无限放大的人，他对天体物理学的研究，告诉了我们“时间”的样貌，告诉我们如何“书写”自己的“时间”。
“他机智而清晰的阐释宇宙物理的奥秘……他拥有无与伦比的头脑”——《纽约书评》这么评价霍金，这位出身剑桥大学的著名物理学家。
篇4：阅读英国小说《时间简史》笔记
“时间”究竟是什么?晚上，我坐在窗前，出神地望着无限的夜空，反刍着刚刚读完，放在一边的《时间简史》。
“时间”，它既看不见，也摸不着。它可以被浪费时间的人无限缩小，几年如同几日一般重复;它也可以被珍惜时间的人无限放大，变成在无限的宇宙中也能看得见的闪耀光点。霍金便是一个可以让有限的时间无限放大的人，他对天体物理学的研究，告诉了我们“时间”的样貌，告诉我们如何“书写”自己的“时间”。
“他机智而清晰的阐释宇宙物理的奥秘……他拥有无与伦比的头脑”——《纽约书评》这么评价霍金，这位出身剑桥大学的著名物理学家。
宇宙的起源果然是非常奇妙的，就像《道德经》所言，可谓“玄之又玄，众妙之门”啊。奇点也好，暴涨理论也罢，都是从观察到的现象的角度尽量解释大爆炸及之后的宇宙如何发展。当然，也会有人择理论，认为宇宙之所以如此发展，是由于我们的存在。
种种理论，都能够解释一些现象，却还是无法对于宇宙之所以有起源作出最准确的解释，所以有造物主拨动了大爆炸的齿轮似乎也不是一句玩笑话啊。大爆炸后的1秒钟，温度降低到约为100亿度，这大约是太阳中心温度的1千倍，亦即氢弹爆炸达到的温度。这是第一次了解到氢弹爆炸能够达到如此的温度。铁的熔点不过1500多摄氏度，熔点最高的材料碳化钽铪合金也只是3990摄氏度，100亿度真的是一个人类无法想象，无法描述的温度——你甚至找不到什么词语去形容它。不过现在我知道了，原来人类已经能够造出爆炸可达10亿度的武器了，想不到究竟什么物质能阻挡一颗氢弹的近距离爆炸。想一想人类还是脆弱的。小到疾病的困扰，大到武器的袭击，每一样都可以夺走人类的生命。
不过从某种意义上来讲，人类也是强大的，可以造出毁灭地球的武器，也可以看到光年之外的星系。《时间简史》不仅仅给我带来了物理意义上的思考，还有生命层次的启迪。智慧这种看不到摸不着的存在，竟也可以反映在几条染色体上，并且经历了30亿年的从粒子到生命体的演变。我相信以后一定会有基因改造人出现，只是不知道那时候人类是否已经冲出了太阳系。
篇5：中外英国文学简史版本对比研究-对我国高校英语专业《英国文学史》教育的思考
中外英国文学简史版本对比研究-对我国高校英语专业《英国文学史》教育的思考
视野狭隘、思辨能力差、问题意识弱这些问题一直困扰着英语专业文学研究生及其指导教师.导致这些问题的主要因素有:陈旧落后的教材,重知识、轻思辨的'传统教学模式,由于语言学习的特殊性致使学生的认知能力停滞甚至下降,而教材问题则是其症结所在.我们迫切需要一部能够准确反映当今英国文学史研究成果的英国文学史教材,它应该既能代表20世纪以来西方文论对文学作品解读的影响以及现当代多元化的研究动态及研究成果,又具有足够的启发性和引导性,只有这样,才能适应当代思维活跃的学生读者群的需要,从而克服学科的局限性,弥补其不足.
作 者：蒋虹 JIANG Hong 作者单位：北京师范大学,外文学院,北京,100875 刊 名：四川外语学院学报 PKU英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SICHUAN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY 年，卷(期)： 23(4) 分类号：H319 关键词：英国文学简史 对比研究 多元视角 文学史教育篇6：《时间简史》读书笔记
慢慢地，就要走到了《时间简史》的结尾。读这本书，更多地是让我从更广阔的层面去看待人类和宇宙，充满想象而又辩证的。我知道深邃的宇宙包含许多的未知，我知道黑洞不黑而又非常热情，我知道时空卷曲就像传送门。站在空旷的草地上，闭上双眼张开双臂，仔细聆听风的声音，你会发现似乎全世界都呈现在你脑海里，思绪纷飞宛若光雨。要说能够比光快的，应该就只要思维了吧。生活在这个三维的世界，自然不能体会四维乃至十二维的生命形式。虽然二维的世界生命不太可能生存，但是更高维的世界应该是一个更加光怪陆离并且有趣的多的世界吧。
是不是那时候所有生命都能够像哆啦A梦一样，拥有穿越空间的百宝箱。假若我是一个科幻作家，可能我会幻想时空旅行早已存在，并且人群中已经混杂着来自更高维度或者更遥远时空的旅客。宇宙有意志也好，时空定律也罢，这些旅客被时空防卫，使得他们的记忆丧失——尤其是自身来自未来的记忆。可是这种来自未来的理论以及意识还有一些残存，于是可以看到历史上卓绝的人物层出不穷，可以看到金字塔悠然耸立……
或许，在我的笔下，爱因斯坦也会是一位遥远的时空旅客。现在，窗外阳光明媚，远处连绵的山峰清晰可见。淡蓝色的天空下，是行走的世界。二零一八年四月七日十二时五十三分，一切静好。
最新 《时间简史》读书笔记
篇7：万物简史读书笔记
初拿到《万物简史》，看看封面，简洁大方，深沉而又不失活力的深海蓝，平静而又广博，。闭上眼，轻轻摩挲着凹凸的花纹，一个清晰的地球的轮廓在手心中静静浮现，一种很奇妙的掌控感，颇有新意。细细一闻，是那种淡雅又不做作的书香，沁人心脾。书，仍未翻东，心，却已开始沉浸于其中，开始幻想里面精彩斑斓的世界。
扉页后第一页，序前一页，在“译本科学顾问”和“译本审订专家”两栏里赫然印着许智宏、何祚庥等“重量级”科学家与学者的名字，黑底白字，方方正正，原本因兴奋而产生波澜的心潮渐渐平复下去，我知道，这样的一本科普书，一定得静静去读，用心去读，待之重之又重，不出所料的话，这必将是一次壮阔的视野开阔历程。
初读几页，便可见本书着者比尔——布莱森英国式的睿智幽默和美国式的搞笑，处处皆是妙语，富有活力，当然，字字都是科学的知识，将大到宇宙大爆炸，笑道0的N次方物质讲述得形象生动，令人欲罢不能。，全书的第一、第二人称的自然使用，感觉就像是零距离的交流，似是父亲正在耳边给我普及科学知识。尤其令人感到惊喜的是，身为一名高中生，静静捧读这本《万物简史》时，竟产生了一种穿越回孩提时代，满溢着好奇与惊喜地阅读着我人生的第一本科普书——《十万个为什么》的感觉，一种由内而外的欣喜感。光就是这种感觉，我便对《万物简史》这本书充满无限的感激与无比的珍视了。当然《万物简史》这本书的确可以看做我们小时候读的《十万个为什么》的超级融汇大升级版，在我看来，在不久的将来，这本书将成为今后的孩子们必读的科普书。
通读全书，许智宏先生的引言及书的第五大部分——“生命本身”，令我对于自己的生命有了“科学的新的解读”。我们现在能活着就很不容易，往大里来说首先就要一个稳定的宇宙，而形成这样的宇宙，要经过精密得吓人的运算，不能出丝毫差错;往小里来说，我们更加需要好到爆的运气了，要久远的时间里，因为无数的机缘巧合，你的祖先才能生下你的父母们，再让他们生下你，也就是说，我们是唯一的可能性，过去，现在，未来，都只有我们一个，永远不会再有第二个。诚然，我们同一整个宇宙，抑或是一个地球的生米相比，我们的生命基本可以忽略不计，无限接近于零。但是，对于我们来说，我们知道死亡，我们也可以理解为我们的生命是无限大，正是这个宇宙，这个地球，给了我们生命，让我们有了无限的可能性，令我们能在生命中给予整个世界，甚至整个宇宙，可见或不可见，已知或未知的无穷转变，这便是生命的魅力所在。面对开阔得近乎没有边际的人生旅途，我们不就是应该负起责任，将自己的生命活得对得起整个宇宙，地球，对得起自己么!
最后，感谢《万物简史》这本书的作者，编者，科学顾问，审计专家，是你们，让我对世界，对生命，有了崭新的独特看法!
篇8：万物简史读书笔记
距离上一次发读书笔记，已经过去了一个多星期，在这一个多星期内，我读完了两本书，一本漫画集，一本科普书，还有一本社会学类正在读。今天要说的是这本叫《万物简史》的科普，不过我的思维有点乱，没什么信心写好——这是大背景。
总体而言，这本书的前半部分读得我非常兴奋，后半部分读得我如坐针毡，这主要与我的个人兴趣有关，与书无关。
提到《万物简史》，绝大部分人都会产生一个疑问，这到底是是个什么史?所谓的万物又包括了哪些方面，其实说白了，这就是一本人类探究万物的科学史，你能想到的很多科学领域，诸如物理学、地质学、生物学都在这里有所涉及。究竟人类是如何从无知变成有知，如何认识世界与认识自我(生物意义上的自我)，科学的发展经历了怎样的过程……如果你对这些感兴趣，这本书会很荣幸地登上你的书单。
作为一部科普类书籍，目前分为了给大神看的高难度版本和给小白看的通俗入门版，如果非要给这本书下个定义，它应该算作小白进阶版。所谓进阶不是因为它难懂，只是相对于浅显易懂的轻科普而言，这本书显得很有逻辑。谁都不知道作者脑子里装了多少知识，竟能将五花八门的科学史谈得如数家珍。
这本书的写作风格是很典型的故事性科普，前后逻辑性很强，一旦书中出现了某个科学界人物，作者接下来一定会简单介绍一下这个人的生平，顺便谈谈他的“黑”历史，值得一提的是，他的话里总是携带着一丝幽默感，好像一个诙谐的老头——实际上作者今年已经66岁了——在给你讲述科学界野史。
你能够读到一点《人类的群星闪耀时》的意味(如果作者文笔再好一些，再会讲故事一些的话)，也能够跟随作者的步伐开发一下脑洞，试着想象一下已经灭绝的古生物或者地球内部会是什么样的景象，总之，它可以成为你了解科学与了解世界的渠道，如果你不是个科学界大神的话。
那么究竟所谓的“万物”包含了哪些方面?本书分为了六个部分，通过这本书，你能够读到：人们了解宇宙史的过程、了解地球年龄的过程、发现古生物化石的过程、地质学的发展过程、微观世界的认知过程、生命科学的发展过程等。
作者提到了许多我们耳熟能详的科学家与一些我们从未听说过甚至到死都没看到自己的研究成果被世人接受的苦逼科学家，这些人物与人物构成了整个科学的发展史，也使这本书变得生动有趣。
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