以下是小编整理的美博英语课堂：教你快速攻克英语阅读理解长难句，本文共9篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：美博英语课堂：教你快速攻克英语阅读理解长难句
长难句是历年高考阅读理解中必然要出现的，因此成功地攻克长难句必将有助于提高阅读部分的分值，美博教育刘慧老师提醒各位学生， 高考分分必争，拿下长难句，为高考增分。
一、什么是长难句
复合长句，即包含各种语法关系和特殊句型的句子。英语多长句，这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。这些句子结构复杂，逻辑性强。但是，无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系。下面我们从结构、逻辑以及一些英语中的长难句来解析长难句的翻译以及理解。
二、英语长句的特点
英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包含、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即：
①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
一般说来，英语长句有如下几个特点：
1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多;
2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;
3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;
4)并列成分多;
5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;
6)习惯搭配和成语经常出现。
三、高考英语难句分析方法
第一类：复杂修饰成分
句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等等);2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。
第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。
第三类：倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。
第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。
实战演练
1.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. “ comfonable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[语法难点]
1)有并列从句，
分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名词)”。
2)that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。
[句子翻译]
像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。
[翻译技巧]
同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模
2.Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. ”
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[语法难点]有省略。
1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
[句子翻译]
罗博特富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
[翻译技巧]
如果严格地翻译，like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”，原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
篇2：如何攻克雅思阅读长难句
In the earliest stages of man's development he had no more need of money than animals have.He was content with very simple forms of shelter,made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him.As he became more civilized,however,he began to want better shelter,more efficient tools and weapons,and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands.For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths,leather workers or carpenters.It was then that the question of payment arose.
At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange.The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough.But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market,exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory.Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather,or iron,but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready.
Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money.In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer,instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain,gave him so many shells.If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food,he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade.In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade.Later,pieces of metal,bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces,or coins were used.Money as we know it had arrived.
1.Exchange of goods became difficult because _________.
A man became more civilized
B smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time
C more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the marker
D farmers hadn't enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers
2.Money was not used until _______.
A paper was invented
B people practiced a simple process of exchange
C nothing could be offered in exchange
D the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated
3.The best title for this passage is _____.
A What is money
B What are money's functions.
C The importance of money
D The beginning of money
注释：
1.stage阶段;时期at an early stage in our history
在我们的历史早期
(前面与the连用)演员生涯;剧院工作;戏剧工作行程，旅程
to travel by easy stages从容旅行
2.content n.内容，容量，目录，满足adj.满足的，满意的，愿意vt.使满足
We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only.我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。
3.shelter n.掩蔽处，身避处，掩蔽，保护，庇护所，掩体v.掩蔽，躲避
He stood in the shelter at the bus stop.他站在公共汽车站的候车亭里。
4.smith n.铁匠，金属品工匠
leather n.皮革，皮革制品
carpenter n.木匠
5.axe or plough斧或犁
6 complicate使复杂化，使错综加重(疾病)使混乱，难做、难懂;使恶化
be complicated in卷入……(的麻烦中)
Don't complicate life for me!不要为我把生活搞复杂了!
答案：1 C 2 D 3 D
篇3：如何攻克雅思阅读长难句
Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty
A.After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief,continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in .Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter.
B.There are several reasons for Europe's recovering self-confidence.For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America(to say nothing of Asia),but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade,briefly outstripping America in terms of growth.Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag,2006's improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007,though the recovery may be ebbing by then.
C.The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law.Every four or five years,European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty:the Maastricht treaty in 1992,the Treaty of Amsterdam in ,the Treaty of Nice in .And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution,laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters.But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted,not immobilised,by this setback.
D.In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome,its founding charter.Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously,restating their commitment to“ever closer union”and the basic ideals of European unity.By itself,and in normal circumstances,the EU's 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless,a routine expression of European good fellowship.But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration(and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it)they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty.All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutional and other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and—hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.
E.According to the German government—which holds the EU's agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year,perhaps to put to voters,perhaps not.There would then be a couple of years in which it will be discussed,approved by parliaments and,perhaps,put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable.Then,according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin,blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection,the whole thing will be signed,sealed and a new constitution delivered in -10.Europe will be nicely back on schedule.Its four-to-five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.
F.The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals.The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation.If it functions,it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to,reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.
G.That did not happen in 2005-06.Defensive,cynical and self-destructive,the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France,Italy and Germany—were stumbling towards their unlamented ends.They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU,as a result,barely functioned.But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone,and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.
H.The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries,bureaucraticmomentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007.That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular.The British government,for one,will almost certainly not want to go with the flow,beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe.More important,the voters will want a say.They rejected the constitution in 2005.It would be foolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.
Questions 1-6 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1.After years'introspection and mistrust,continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.
2.The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.
3.The Treaty of Rome,which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union,was signed in 1957.
4.It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.
5.French government will hold the EU's presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of .
6.For a long time in hisotry,there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.
篇4：gre阅读长难句如何攻克
gre阅读长难句如何攻克
新GRE阅读长难句例题
Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law---notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned---that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。
新GRE考试阅读长难句解析
初步读完这句话我们发现这个句子的难句类型是：复杂修饰+插入语+抽象词，其中插入语是理解这个句子的关键。
(1)Islamic law (2)is a (3)phenomenon (4)so different from all other forms of law---notwithstanding, of course,(5)(it has) (6)a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them /(7)as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned/---(8)that its study is indispensable (9)in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。
对句子标记后我们可以逐一分析各个成分：
Step1：找主谓
1. 不难发现整个句子的主语就是Islamic law，即伊斯兰法
2. is为整个句子的谓语
3. phenomenon作为整个句子的宾语
从1、2、3我们可以分析出：
1+2+3=句子的主干：伊斯兰的法律是一个法律现象：Islamic law is a phenomenon
Step2：分析句子中的插入语
4. 我们需要注意的是notwithstanding这个词，句子中的插入语之所以比较难懂的主要一个原因在于对notwithstanding的理解，notwithstanding作为介词，相当于in spite of(不管，不顾，尽管)，这对于大多数考生来说是陌生的。
5. 这里加上省略的it has使得句子更加清楚易懂
6. 这一部分是对主语Islamic law的解释说明，即“伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处。
7. as far as表示“至于，就.。.而言”
8. 整句话中贯穿了so...that句型
9. in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena。这句话中包含一个倒装，正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词adequately被提到appreciate的宾语之前。
Step3：对整句话有个大概的中文翻译的印象
译文：
伊斯兰法是一个与其他所有形式的法律都如此之不同的法律现象---尽管，当然，/从其涉及的内容和实际实施的角度来看/，伊斯兰法与其他的某些法律存在着大量的和必然的一致之处---以至于对于它的研究是不可缺少的，这样才能充分地理解所有可能的法律现象的全部范围。
新GRE阅读长难句结
从分析结果来看插入语的内容对理解文章基本没有什么作用，其实这句话中的插入语根本不用读，也可以根据插入语前后的内容猜出其意思：插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding开头，又有of course，可见插入部分一定是让步语气，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。所以，如果遇到很长的插入语最好跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。
GRE阅读的固定思路
1.做题第一步是审题，看出题意。
首先记住，先文后题。道理很简单，你直接读题，根本读不懂。所以很重要的是搞明白两个问题，这个题目对应文章哪个层次?考的是观点还是例子?题型很重要，意义在于告诉你正确选项的特征的如何定位。
2.如何处理GRE文章
GRE阅读考试只有13-15分钟做题，文章不是用来读懂的，对待长难句最好的办法是考虑怎么不读，少读，而不是分析。
GRE阅读中学术文章特点就是规范，层次清晰，主题明确。
3.一定要读出思路
尤其是文章观点的数量，这个直接关系到主题题怎么出。要把每段的层次的连词标记出来，我们还要知道每个层次的主题词是什么，周围有没有否定词(改善题)，有没有褒贬的词(态度题，应用题)。
4.例子可少读
至于例子，也可以考虑不读或者少读，因为GRE阅读重点考观点，例子是事实，事实记得越多，混淆信息越多，做题越慢，准确率越低。对于例子，只要记住位置就可以，题目考到再看，不考坚决不看。以观点记例子，以观点分层次，以观点分逻辑关系。
新GRE阅读向来是难度较大的，在做题时一定要掌握一些新GRE阅读方法，注意文章观念的数量，分清层次明确主题，掌握新GRE阅读中的长难句分析能力，并通过大量做题来将方法熟记于心。
GRE阅读和国外文化的关系
像那种长阅读，说的好像是什么impressionist(印象派)和modernist(现实主义)的东东。由于对这方面毫无了解，所以读这篇文章毫无感觉。我不是要大家去补习美国文化的知识，这工程量太大。
网上都说平时要多看什么economist什么的，试问有几个人会真正为了GRE去看?我的建议就是，大家可以抽一点时间，利用相关资料(比如 wikipedia)，多去了解一下GRE社科类阅读爱考的知识。以往年经验来看，GRE社科类阅读非常喜欢考黑人文学Black literature，黑人音乐Black music(尤其是Jazz)，妇女(包括妇女地位的改变，妇女文学)，艺术类包括impressionist、modernist等。
另外，GRE考试阅读务必多留意一下上述知识的代表人物!比如Ragtime就是Jazz的代表人物及一种风格。并不是要求大家知道这个人物做了什么，只需要混个眼熟，考试的时候万一碰到一大串人名，能对其中一两个有点眼熟，能大概猜测出来是关于什么的就行!等到时候文章做得比较熟了，那时往往你自己也大概了解了社科类的阅读喜欢考哪些领域了。
GRE阅读文章内容以外国文化背景为主要的，所以大家在复习的时候尽量进行这类的GRE阅读文章，不要为了考试而考试，如果平时养成看英文报、英文期刊的习惯，到时候考试中的阅读题一定能拿高分。
篇5：雅思阅读长难句如何攻克
雅思阅读长难句如何攻克
雅思阅读长难句指的是一般的简单句由主、谓、宾、定、状、补等这些基本成分构成，事实上长难句即是在短句后加上从句，让句子看上去结构更复杂，又长又难以理解。
攻克雅思考试阅读长难句的步骤主要有四点，即：
1)了解基本句型
英语基本句型大致上包含有5种，比如主谓，主谓宾，主谓表，主谓双宾(间接宾语，直接宾语)以及主谓宾+宾语补足语。这些句型表面看上去简单，但只要综合在一起来，是会变成比较复杂的句子，让考生很头疼的长难句，比如由that、which等这些引导的定语从句，状语从句，there be句型等，那么分析与理解句子来不容易了。所以考生要先把基本句型搞清楚之后才能在此基础之上攻克长难句。
2)找到主干
当把基本句型之理解以后，想要突破长难句，考生要能够找到长难句中的主干，把其他修饰部分的干扰都排除。主干指的是长难句的核心信息，也就是主、谓、宾三个成分。一般来说，主语一般是会通过有的关键的单词，关键的信息表达出来。在找谓语动词时，考生要了解的是，并不是全部主语后面的动词即为谓语，考生一定要分清。另外，如果主语后面出现逗号时，一般需要找到第二个逗号，之后的动词则是谓语动词。找到主谓就算成功一大半了，宾语部分相对好找一些。
3)分析主干部分的修饰语
在长难句中，谓语动词把时态除外变化不是很大。但是主语与宾语会有所变化，像主语与宾语一般会在各种从句，介词短语，形容词等中存在，考生若可以从这些结构里把哪部分是主语，哪部分是宾语分析出来。
4)句子翻译
在明确句子主干以及句子的成分之后，考生需要把后一个步骤掌握，即翻译。当考生翻译句子时，需要留意中英翻译间的区别与语序问题。在平时练习时留心这些细节，方能有所改进。
雅思阅读材料：美学者发明可视眼镜
High-tech glasses developed at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis may help surgeons visualize cancer cells, which glow blue when viewed through the eyewear.
The wearable technology, so new it's yet unnamed, was used during surgery for the first time today at Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine.
Cancer cells are notoriously difficult to see, even under high-powered magnification. The glasses are designed to make it easier for surgeons to distinguish cancer cells from healthy cells, helping to ensure that no stray tumor cells are left behind during surgery.
“We're in the early stages of this technology, and more development and testing will be done, but we're certainly encouraged by the potential benefits to patients,” said breast surgeon Julie Margenthaler, MD, an associate professor of surgery at Washington University, who performed today's operation. “Imagine what it would mean if these glasses eliminated the need for follow-up surgery and the associated pain, inconvenience and anxiety.”
Current standard of care requires surgeons to remove the tumor and some neighboring tissue that may or may not include cancer cells. The samples are sent to a pathology lab and viewed under a microscope. If cancer cells are found in neighboring tissue, a second surgery often is recommended to remove additional tissue that also is checked for the presence of cancer.
The glasses could reduce the need for additional surgical procedures and subsequent stress on patients, as well as time and expense.
Margenthaler said about 20 to 25 percent of breast cancer patients who have lumps removed require a second surgery because current technology doesn't adequately show the extent of the disease during the first operation.
“Our hope is that this new technology will reduce or ideally eliminate the need for a second surgery,” she said.
The technology, developed by a team led by Samuel Achilefu, PhD, professor of radiology and biomedical engineering at Washington University, incorporates custom video technology, a head-mounted display and a targeted molecular agent that attaches to cancer cells, making them glow when viewed with the glasses.
In a study published in the Journal of Biomedical Optics, researchers noted that tumors as small as 1 mm in diameter (the thickness of about 10 sheets of paper) could be detected.
Ryan Fields, MD, a Washington University assistant professor of surgery and Siteman surgeon, plans to wear the glasses later this month when he operates to remove a melanoma from a patient. He said he welcomes the new technology, which theoretically could be used to visualize any type of cancer.
“A limitation of surgery is that it's not always clear to the naked eye the distinction between normal tissue and cancerous tissue,” Fields said. “With the glasses developed by Dr. Achilefu, we can better identify the tissue that must be removed.”
In pilot studies conducted on lab mice, the researchers utilized indocyanine green, a commonly used contrast agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration. When the agent is injected into the tumor, the cancerous cells glow when viewed with the glasses and a special light.
Achilefu, who also is co-leader of the Oncologic Imaging Program at Siteman Cancer Center and professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics, is seeking FDA approval for a different molecular agent he's helping to develop for use with the glasses. This agent specifically targets and stays longer in cancer cells.
“This technology has great potential for patients and health-care professionals,” Achilefu said. “Our goal is to make sure no cancer is left behind.”
Dr. Achilefu has worked with Washington University's Office of Technology Management and has a patent pending for the technology.
The research is funded by the National Cancer Institute (R01CA171651) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
透过一副特制的高科技眼镜，医生小心切除闪着蓝光的癌变组织……当地时间2月10日，一台特殊的外科手术在美国密苏里州圣路易斯市一家医院里进行，借助这项刚刚问世的可视技术，原本几不可见的癌细胞变得无所遁形。
据美国媒体报道，这副能够“看见”癌细胞的眼镜由华盛顿大学(W U)放射学和生物医学工程学教授塞缪尔?阿基里弗教授领队研发成功，在理想状态下，它可以帮助外科医生在手术时一次性彻底切除所有癌变组织。
众所周知，即使置于高性能的显微镜下，癌细胞也难以被发现。但有了这副眼镜之后，医生能够轻松区分健康细胞和癌细胞，从而确保首次手术时不会遗漏任何癌变组织，进行二次切除手术以“查缺补漏”的可能性也由此大大降低。
据介绍，使用时，需要先把一种特定的分子药剂涂抹在肿瘤及其周边组织上，这种药剂会附着于癌细胞、令其发出肉眼不可见的光芒，然后，主刀医生戴上一个形似眼镜的头盔式显示器，通过自定义视频技术，即可看清癌细胞分布于何处。
“目前，我们尚处于研究初期，未来会进行更多的改进和测试工作。”乳腺外科医生朱莉?马格塔勒是10日进行手术的主刀大夫，同时也是个在实际操作中使用癌细胞可视眼镜的人，“一想到这项新技术将令病患获益良多，我们就干劲十足。”
依据现在的医护流程，外科医生手术时需要切除肿瘤及其附近组织，而这些组织中可能存在、也可能不存在癌细胞。随后，切除下的组织标本被送往病理实验室接受检验，如果在其中发现癌细胞，则需进行第二次甚至多次手术，直至癌变组织被完全切除。
据马格塔勒介绍，依靠现有的技术，无法准备判定癌变组织的全部范围，所以大约20%至25%的乳腺癌患者接受首次手术切除肿瘤后，还需经受第二次手术。
“借助这种癌细胞可视眼镜，可以在首次手术时一次性切除所有癌变组织。这意味着，没有必要再进行后续手术，病人也无需承担随之而来的病痛和手术费用。”马格塔勒希望，这项新技术能够降低、甚至完全消除二次手术。
雅思阅读材料：健康生活习惯Top10
1.Walk to the office.
步行上班。
2.Do exercise at least 3 times per week.
每周至少运动3次。
3.Maintain adequate sleep.
保持睡眠充足。
4.Bring a bottle of water at any time.
随身带瓶水。
5.Eat often and little.
少食多餐。
6.Take fruits as snacks.
用水果当零食。
7.Take nutritious breakfast.
早餐营养丰富。
8.Breath with abdomen.
用腹部呼吸。
9.Take stretching exercise every morning and evening.
早晚做伸展运动
10.Make sure the stoop postures be proper.
篇6：教你如何征服阅读长难句
【向长难句开火】教你如何征服阅读长难句
下面句话讲的是一个什么东西。
Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people。( 剑7 test 1第二篇)
读到这句话，相信那些刚背完了词汇，准备拿雅思阅读开刀的小伙伴们心里面肯定会咯噔一下：词大部分都认识，但是怎么老是读不通呢?
考过雅思阅读的人都会说长难句阅读是重中之重，因为精确的长难句分析是阅读获得高分的其中一项重要保证。那么我们怎样运用自身那些有限的语法进行良好的长难句阅读呢?主要步骤是：
首先，在一个单句(即不含有从句)中，谓语动词的确定是重中之重。因为谓语动词是一个句子的灵魂，它可以在英文句子中承载了关系确定、时间变化、情绪变化、语态变化、语气变化等重要作用。请大家看一个简单句：I had dinner. 如果我们把其中的谓语动词had去掉，那么我们就无法理解主语和宾语之间的关系;并且我们对其中发生的时间也无从知晓。由此观之，谓语动词是我们阅读长难句所需定位的重要切入点。怎么去判断谓语动词呢?主要通过谓语动词所承载的关系，我们可以从(时态，语态，情态)方面去确定谓语动词。
其次，在长难句的阅读中，主语也是我们要确定的一个重点。经过谓语动词的确定后，只要确定好主语，那么这个长难句的主干就被我们理清楚了。这样，一个长难句就被我们所分析清楚了。主语的确定主要是从(of前的名词、动名词/ving、不定式)所构成。请大家一定注意，主语的确定要越简单越好。
经过上面两个步骤后，我们就能够较轻松地阅读一个简单的长难句分析了。但是，上面讲的两个主要的点只是一个主要的思路。现在，我给大家理清一个在不同情况下的长难句分析：
1、从句时(形容词性从句，副词性从句，名词性从句)：先确定连接词/关系词(如that, because ,what,who, when, even 等);然后再主句，最后在分析从句;
2、并列句时( 由and, or, but连接的两个句子)：先确定并列连词，然后再从左到右地分析;
3、当谓语动词是动词短语时，在确定谓语动词的同时，也要确定确定该动词后面的介词和副词。
分析过程中，要注意以下事项：
1、分析过程中，我们会受到分词(ving/ved)作形容词修饰主语名词的影响，当改长难句处于过去时时，我们会受到过去分词ved的影响，在这种情况下，我们会会很难抉择谓语动词。解决方法就是：看哪个动词离主语远，一般情况下，离动词远的那个动词就是谓语动词;
2、主语确定时，一定要以名词为主，并且越简单越好。很多时候，我们会遇到由很多of组成的主语，在这种情况下，我们只要确定第一个of结构前名词即可;
3、主从句时，一定要将连接词和关系词用不同的符号勾画出来，这样我们就能够主观地感受从句时的长难句主干。
现在我们将开始提出来的那个雅思长难句进行分析：
Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people。( 剑7 test 1第二篇)
我们通过长难句的步骤划出了两个动词，分别是 designed 和brought;根据注意事项的第一点我们就可以确定brought是谓语动词，同时根据注意事项的第二点就可以得出主语是unprecedented construction。
现在，我们就能够看清楚整个句子的主要结构了：
Unprecedented construction brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people。
这样，我的那位学生的问题就可以迎刃而解。
亲爱的读者，现在请你来分析以下这个长难句：
In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, the prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, the giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, the genius goes unrecognized that unrewarded, the adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. (剑8 test 3第二篇)
总结：语法的学习不是用一堆术语，一堆框框来指导自己的听说读写，而是给你一个删繁就简，穿透迷雾看到真相的语言直觉，语言在你眼中是枝繁叶茂同时层次分明。以上为本文全部内容，征服长难句就在今朝，祝早日与雅思分手。
不要让你的多日备考功亏一篑 雅思阅读临场7注意
系统地制定学习计划
大部分参加( GENERAL MODULE )普通类测试的考生都已离开学校多年，甚至很长时间没有继续英文方面的学习。因此，必须尽量每天安排一定的时间，比如说每天一小时，并根据自身英文情况制定一个学习计划，稳步、系统地学习。阅读训练：争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报刊、书籍，并非要读懂每一个字，或完全理解，只要能理解其中大至含义既可。可采取 3:1 的比例进行泛读与精读。
增加阅读速度
要增加英语阅读的速度，当然并非一朝一日即可达到。通常需要相当长一段时间的学习及训练。但无论怎样，应加强英文基础训练，掌握必要的测试技巧，从而在现有的英文基础之上取得最好的成绩。总之，付出越多，收获越大。
控制答题时间
在 IELTS 测试过程中，每组题都给有答题参考时间，当所给时间结束时，就一定要停下来，即使这组题没有做完也要开始回答下一组题，否则所能完成的题数就会减少，从而影响 IELTS 的得分。
答案一定填在“ 答案纸 ”上
在 IELTS 测试时，所有答案务必要填在所给的 “ANSWER SHEET” 纸上。否则，即使您完成了全部问题，也是没有任何分数，这种现象曾有发生过。
带着问题阅读所给文章
在开始阅读所给文章前，应首先弄清下列问题再带着这些问题有的放矢地去读那些与答题有关的部分，有些部分则完全不看，这样就可以节省出更多时间，达到事半功倍的效果。
查看试题布局
1. 阅读试题三部分的每一部分的开头与结尾;
2. 每部分有多少道题;
3. 每部分(或每组题)的答题时间;
4. 先回答那些问题。
【雅思阅读素材】《行尸走肉》经典台词赏析
All this time，running from walkers，you forget what people do，have always done!
这么久以来， 我们一直逃避行尸，却忘了活人的丑恶，他们一向如此丑恶!
Y’all look to him and then you blame him when he’s not perfect.
你们依靠他还责怪他的不完美!
You don't get to do that, to come into somebody's life, make them care and then just check out.
你不能这样, 走进某人的生活, 让他在乎你后又一走了之.
If you don't have hope ，what's the point of living ?
如果你没有希望，那活着还有什么意义?
I’d rather have you pissed off at me and alive , than liking me and dead!
我宁愿你活着恨我，也不想你死了爱我!
People believe what they want to believe .
人们相信自己想相信的事。
We always think there's gonna be more time，then it runs out.
我们总以为还有很长的路要走，却不知不觉已到尽头。
If it feels easy ，don't do it ，don't let the world spoil you.
不要选择轻松的那条路，别让这个世界污染你。
Life was always a test.
生活永远都是考验。
【高分秘籍】雅思阅读训练之长句子专项分析
当然在短时间内拿到理想的分数，我们在课堂上所讲述的雅思5大题型的技巧是分不开的，但是如果只有技巧，只能帮助你在短时间内找到绝大多数题目的位置，可是毕竟某些能力的题目需要精读的技能，这就是从句式结构开始训练。
例句： The methods that a community devisesto perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the culture legacy that thatcommunity perceives as essential.
这样的句子，我们完全不用一个一个单词的来读，因为英语中有许多虚词，只有语法意义而无实际的意思;还有许多词组，只有几个词放在一起才有完整的意义，如上述的例句的前3个词the methods that,我们可以看出，the methods是名词，that 是一个连词，因为that 的后面是句子a community devises toperpetuate itself。
即that所引导的句子为定语从句，是修饰that methods,即什么样的methods，而come into being是谓语， come into being意思指的是：come into existence or 简单点 is made，to preserve是目的，即protect，aspects of the culture legacy,这是一个A OF B的名词短语，在此短语中，culture legacy,是重要的部分，而后面有两个that,前一个that不言而喻是连词，后一个that 是介词，指代thatcommunity,culture legacy是名词，后用that的句子在后做修饰，因此为定语。上句只须读为：
The methods come into being to preserve culture legacy.大致的意思都应能理解了，所以不论多复杂的句子都能把他的复杂性转为简单来阅读即可，即句子的主谓宾。
雅思阅读8大题型审题难点
简单来讲，就出题方式，可以将八大题型整合为三大题型分别为：判断题，填空题以及选择题。下面就来分别阐释三种题型。
八大题型中只有一种题可以归类为判断题，如果从字面义上稍微理解一下上文提及的八大题型，就不难发现，只有true or false or not given 一种题型属于判断题。一秒钟击破判断题审题瓶颈，我们在考试中如果遇到了对错无关题，只需要看清题目要求的true or false or not given还是yes or no or not given .80%的题目要求将正确的选项用TRUE 表示，错误选项用FALSE表示。但是也有20%的题目要求相应的用YES/NO来表示正确以及错误选项。如果不能很清楚的看清题目要求，那我们的答案是会按照错误去处理的，所以一定要注意。
针对填空题这种形式的考题，总体来讲有几种，summary， complete the sentences， answer short questions， picture filling这几种。在此，有必要ps小注一下：summary(摘要题)这种题有两种出题形式，手边有剑桥六这本书的同学可以翻到97页这是一种填空式的摘要题，而翻到91页审题会发现同样的summary可是形式确实选择题。本段针对summary的填空题型审题原则进行阐释。填空题我们在审题的过程中肯定会发现大写黑体加粗的几个词NO MORE THAN ? WORDS 翻译过来即：不超过?单词。我们可以用一个数学等式来表示即：小于等于?单词。一般情况下都是小于等于三个单词，而个别情况下我们还会发现小于等于两个单词的情况出现。所以一秒钟的时间只需要看清问号是数字几就可以了。
最后一种就是选择题，这种考题分为： list of headings， matching， summary， multiple choice 这几种题型。首先：list of headings 题请参考剑桥四第96页。切忌：这种题答案唯一性，用过一次即在备选项中排除。再有matching ，summary 这种题请将一秒钟的时间用于寻找题目要求中有无NB两个字母，如果有请记住：有且只有一个选项需用两次。答案不再唯一性。如果没有则答案唯一性。最后 multiple choice 看清题目所配题号则可知道单选或多选。
篇7：考研英语 攻克长难句 阅读零失误
考研英语 攻克长难句 阅读零失误
考研英语 困难和容易在一念之间
2014考研英语 将词汇和语法进行到底
英语阅读是老生常谈的考研英语重要得分点，常言道“得阅读者得天下”。可是如何在平常的复习中快读提升自己的阅读能力保证自己在考场的零失误呢？你需要做到以下两点：1.攻克长难句2.熟练掌握大量单词。
用略读攻克长难句
考生在阅读过程中，可采用略读、精读和定位阅读等方法。略读法就是省略地阅读，不花太多时间琢磨难句和生词，主要领会文章的中心思想。精读法是指在阅读时仔细研究文章内容，不仅要掌握文章的大致内容，还要清楚和理解篇章涉及的'重要细节。定位阅读法是首先找出某些特定信息，并对整篇文章进行快速阅读，迅速定位信息点，略看与内容无关的部分。略读是为了迅速抓住文章主题，精读是为了理解文章中的长难句，定位阅读是为了迅速定位答案在原文中的大致位置，考生可根据具体情况灵活运用。此外，提高阅读理解能力的另一个方法就是多看各类英语小说和报刊。这些英语小说和报刊不仅可以拓宽同学们的阅读视野，调节枯燥的复习生活，还能顺带了解时事热点新闻呢！ 考研\教育网
熟练掌握大量单词
足够数量的词汇和娴熟的语法知识是提高阅读理解能力和增强阅读速度的基础，阅读理解的技巧和方法有助于提高答案正确率及答题速度。词汇是考研英语复习的基础，也是英语复习的基础，掌握了考研英语的大纲词汇和一些重难点生僻词汇，理解阅读就会显得得心应手许多，对长难句的翻译也会游刃有余。在大纲为公布之前，大家可以先参考的考研英语大纲，用一天时间快速过滤掉你会的单词，剩下些自己曾有浅薄印象或是完全陌生的单词。这些所剩单词就是下一步记识的重点。有了要攻克的目标词汇后，要有计划的进行记忆。大家都知道，在单词记忆过程总容易忘，专家建议考生制定几个小计划去完成。同时现在大家要合理安排时间，掌握大量词汇，熟悉一些语法知识，培养语感。英语水平在短时间内虽然很难得到大的提高，但是掌握一定的技巧，完全可以得到一个很大的突破。
英语要得高分是一个漫长积累的过程，只要大家坚持不解，必然能打造在考研英语中的阅读零失误！考研教育网祝广大考生金榜题名!
篇8：托福阅读长难句如何理解
托福阅读长难句如何理解?简化拆分结构技巧实例指点
托福阅读看懂长难句先分清主次
想要快速的理解长难句句意，就要分析清楚句子的主次部分，确定哪些是修饰成分哪些是主要内容，只有这样才能完全充分的理解句子。那么问题就来了，句子不都是由单词拼出来的，为啥要分主次呢?一个句子的基本构成是由主谓，或者主谓宾(包含主系表)构成的，一个正确句子里只能有一套主谓宾，而这个主谓宾就是我们分析理解句子最关键的主干内容，剩下的就都是作为修饰的成分。所以我们一定要抓住本质，再谈修饰。如果在看英文句子的时候我们过多关注修饰成分，要么会被绕进去、搞得晕头转向、不明所以，要么因为修饰成分过于冗长，促使我们形成鱼的记忆——读完后面忘前面。
实例讲解托福阅读长难句拆分理解思路
这个道理听起来好像很简单，但是实际操作起来却没那么容易，举个例子：
In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive.
这个句子我们应该这样看：
1. 句子以in addition to开头的，in addition to 相当于besides，所以是个介词短语，为啥说它是介词呢，简单，看到finding了吗，都变形了。这就像我们之前说的都是修饰成分。
2. 后面接着个熟悉的单词like，like有两种用法，一个是I like you/you like him/ he likes her…这里的like翻译成喜欢，是动词，还有一个是she is smiling at me like an angel. 她对着我微笑，像个天使一样，这里的like是介词，译为“像”，后面直接接名词。原句中的like后面接的是果子的名称，起列举的作用，也是介词，那也就是修饰成分了。
3. 跳过了两处的修饰之后，出现了一个名字，AE这个人，接下来是两个逗号夹着一个名词短语，说的是一个生物学家，这就是传说中的同位语，起解释说明的作用，那可以站到修饰成分的队伍中了。
4. 最后found奠定了自己主干动词的地位，引出了句子的主要信息，就是那个AE发现了什么。
所以，句子主演信息就被提取成 AE found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. AE发现在开阔地域的草的质量是更加有营养的。
同学们，懂了没?再来一个难度升级的句子：
Even in the best of circumstances,fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficultfor small companies to broaden their customer bases: when such firms havenearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor , they may trulyhave to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
第一步，看这个句子… even in the best of circumstances，一看就是表示地点的状语，这样的妥妥是修饰成份。
第二步，我们就可以看到 fierce competition from larger...，又来了一个from，又是介词，还是次要信息。但是from后面的成分只到名词结束。
之后就是我们的第三步，主要动词makes一定要留下了，后面的信息也要看全，要知道动词后面的宾语到底是什么，而it在这里叫做形式宾语，真正的宾语其实是to broaden their customer bases，for small companies介词短语补充解释这一长串to do结构对于谁difficult，所以从makes开始一直到最后都要搞清楚;
最后一步，就是处理再后面的冒号了，冒号的作用是对前半句的解释，对于解释的信息自然也是我们也可以简单粗暴的理解的次要内容。
综上所述，这句话要主要表达的内容就变成了： fierce competition makes it difficult for small companies to broaden their customer bases. 激烈的竞争很难让小公司扩大他们的客户基础。剩下的修饰成分是告诉我们，在X.X.X的情况下，来自X.X.X的压力，以及到底有什么具体情况出现。这样划分完句子的主次成分，句子的脉络清晰了，主要表达的意思也就变得容易理解了。
现在，各位考生get了没，介词短语引导的部分通常是作为句子的修饰成分，无论是状语还是后置定语。常用介词 in、from、on、at、by、as等。不要奢望有什么窍门方法可以让我们只看几个小词就能蒙清楚句子意思，其实只有分析清楚句子的主次成分，更好的分析句子构成，才能更好的搞定阅读中的长难句。
托福阅读机经预测
托福阅读题目：How did earth’s ocean emerge ?
内容回忆：
第1段讲到如果要了解地球上海洋的起源，需要先了解太阳系是如何形成的。太阳系是dust爆炸之后形成了一个个clump, 比较大的clump
因为重力会吸引那些小一些的行星及其它物质。而且重量越大，速度越快。 然后这些较大的clump 就会成为embryo
planets.地球就是在这种条件下行成的。一开始假设地球是cold低温的，所以urnanium等放射性物质挥发的时候，就会让水形成并从vocalno中喷发而出，于是形成了海洋。
第2段讲到该理论有些问题。问题之一是就是目前的发现表明没有那么多的火山喷发以形成今天这么广阔的海洋。第二就是该理论是以一个错误的观点为基础的。因为根据太阳系的行成原因，地球不可能以那么温和缓慢的方式行程，在比较高速的情况下，那么地球一开始的温度就是高的，而不是cold.
托福阅读词汇题：
1.in retrospect=think in reconsideration
2.velocity=speed
3.intense= extreme
4.scenario= a version of events
托福阅读学科分类：生物
托福阅读题目：The origin of flight of birds
内容回忆：
第1段说明说明大家比较达成共识的是会A 这种化石应该可以提示鸟类的飞行能力是如何起源的，但是具体有两种理论可以参考。
第2段讲到了理论之一是tree-down theory。既起源于树上。reptile
身上比较长的鳞片会帮助从树上俯冲向下gliding;越来越长了之后就发展成了羽毛，并且有助于隔热和培养出endothermy ，A鸟脚上的grasping
feature 就能体现该特征。第3段介绍了ground-up 理论，既一开始是在地上的。先有高体温帮助power the muscle ,
然后发展出羽毛可以帮助在抓猎物的时候保持平衡，并帮助隔热。
托福阅读词汇题：
1. done many times
2. elaborate=complicated
3. retention = keeping
托福阅读机经预测
1.日本经济的发展
题目大概讲明治维新时期日本经济的发展，本来政府没有建立系统的机制
管理市场什么的，农民的税收不靠个人上交，是以村(village)为单位的，而且也没有什么统一的标准，基本就是粮价上涨
的时候农民就要交更多税所以他们要卖更多的粮食，很苦，后来建立了统一的标准，农民在粮价上涨的时候就可以获得更多利润了。
2.14世纪欧洲经济的衰退
14世纪欧洲经济的衰退，第一段表示有很多factors
第二段还是第三段说是气候是一个原因;气温下降2度，虽然看起来变化非常小，但是其实影响很大。(此处有出排错题，选项说气温剧烈变化了)中间提到一个点说地中海的贸易道路被阻了所以选择找新的路线，因为维持与亚洲的贸易对他们来说很重要;
大概记得最后一个点是说：农业工具到了1300s还一直维持在1100s的水平没有变 革，所以农作物的产量就不高。其实在13
世纪中期已经有这个问题的雏形了，偶尔的气候之类的原因会导致收成很不好，14世纪虽然还没有达到危机的程度，但其实问题一直在持续，农作物的产量越来越
不能与不断增加的人口相匹配。
3.不会飞的鸟
第一段，
有些鸟类需要飞行的能力，而有些鸟类不需要飞行能力。不需要飞行可以节约能量，但是必须要满足两大条件。需要有温和的天气，不需要经常迁徙。另一个条件是不能有很多predators。
第二段， 在南北就有不需要飞行的鸟。它们大部分出现在恐龙灭绝后，但是食肉动物没有出现之前。举了这样的一种鸟，研究者猜测它可能食肉可能食草
第三段， 不飞行有两大好处，这一段讲了一种，就是可以吃草，可以增加生存率
第四段， 第二个好处是可以生下更大的蛋，对于它们的后代有好处，提供所需的营养。
第五段， 不飞行的鸟没有进化出来forelimbs。并且举例，有一种鸟进化出来了类似claws的东西作为手用于抓猎物。
中间还说政府鼓励贸易之类的，最后说政府还修建了铁路，并鼓励私人投资铁路，铁路资金由政府和私人共同承提供，到某一年已经修了40000km的铁路了。
托福阅读机经预测
动物冬眠对医学的益处
大致内容
动物冬眠对医学的benefit，如何keep muscle tissue，recovery，stroke治疗
词汇链接
hibernation [,haib?'nei??n] n. 冬眠;过冬;避寒
tissue ['t??u] n. 组织;
stroke [strok] 轻抚
冥王星是否属于九大行星
内容回忆：Pluto status。分析太阳系行星的形成。
本文具体讨论了冥王星是否应该算作太阳系九大行星的争论。先讲到了冥王星很小，有的小行星的体积都比它大。冥王星在刚被发现时被认为体积很大，一方面跟reflectivity有关，还有一方面跟它的mass有关。还提到了对太阳系第十大行星的探索。关于冥王星的争议有人认为它已经在很长时间被认为是太阳系的行星就应该继续这样认为，也有人认为判断一个星体是不是行星，应该看它的重量是否足够达到收到gravity的影响。
地图的发展
历史 :地图。
P的宇宙观是错的，他是地心说的倡导者，他做出的地图也是错的。过了很久，，他的地图被发现了，然后就越来越权 威。哥白尼根据他的地图出海探索，因为距离刚刚好，所以觉得自己到的是亚洲而不是美洲。后来越来越多的人开始航行，然后探索发现了很多东西，地图制作就越来越多。人们逐渐认识到P地图有误，并开始改正。尽管改了很多，但是P的影响有一部分仍在延续。
地图的发展(跟14/15世纪航海大发现相关)
托福阅读机经预测
一
The Rise of Florence
本文一共四段，首段说了欧洲很多的城市都发展的很好，比如Venice等，都是因为他们的manufacture做的比较好。Florence
作为一个late starter， 不仅是因为它在manufacture，commerce and
trade上有所发展，它主要有两点revolutions第二段讲了第一个revolution，即entrepreneur, 这些企业家雇佣有经验的人来run
the business。第三段说了另外一个revolution，就是banking
system的发展。随后在第四段，文章说Florence在很久都没有一个在当地dominant的财团，最后在一个时期有两个family在当地特别有影响力。
二
The Cosmological Principle
宇宙起源，讲述了大爆炸和恒定(steady)理论。大爆炸理论是宇宙起源于一场爆炸并且处于不断变化的状态。但是steady理论认为宇宙没有开始也没有尽头，可能会有一些变化比如star的形成和galaxy的变化，但宇宙的总体性质不会变化，这个理论很受一些哲学家亲睐。然后就讲发现了一种Q开头的物质，Q很亮并且离我们很远，然后论证了这种Q的存在证明了big
bang理论，并且反驳了steady理论。
三
Consolidated Industry in the United States
一开始讲美国俄亥俄州有一个叫标准石油(Standard
Oil)大型公司。然后讲大型公司治理的新技术就是设置中层管理。接下来讲企业合并，一共有两种，一种是纵向合并，一种和横向合并。纵向合并是指同一个产业的上下游企业的合并，比如石油大亨洛克菲洛，把石油开发上下游的行业(开发、提炼、运输、储存和销售)全部合并起来，健全了行业的产业链。横向合并就是把所有同行业的竞争对手的都统统吃掉。后来说企业家们认为过分竞争不利于赚钱，所以决定签署一些条约来形成一个垄断组织(托拉斯)来划分市场。但是这个协议要求所有企业都要参与进来，所以很快这个协议就崩溃了。后来大家决定用信托(trust)的方式来管理企业，让一个trustee控股，然后管理所有公司。最后一段说的是股权交易制度的完善能够吸引众多的投资者，举了新泽西的例子，标准石油(Standard
Oil)首先获益。
四
政府规划类
开篇由当时美国发达的水运枢纽系统引出。水运枢纽受水域的限制，却是当时主要的运输枢纽，引出早期对于马路的思考。政府后来也提议更多马路的修建，但受到了多方的阻碍。
五
植物类
开篇描写植物会在冬天进入休眠，掉落叶子储存能量以待花期。举例一些可变因素，如:温度和降雨等，不是直接影响植物的开花和结果，从而引出日照时间是影响植物是否开花的因素。最后得出高海拔的可适应日照长，低海拔可适应日照时间相对剪短。
篇9：手把手教你攻克GRE长阅读
深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系,攻克GRE长阅读
官方真题例3.1：
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Notable as important nineteenth-century
novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in
which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the
actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic
narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently
high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in
several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries
of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though
shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though
efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as
ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and
concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative
technique.
分析：
Notable
as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a
world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent
women. Nevertheless, these two
novels are alike
in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling
mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,
though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,
though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic
tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed
authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
首先，该篇文章的主题句分别为第1句和第4句。
从结构的角度而言，
第1层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的不同点。接着用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的不同之处。
第2层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的相同点。接着还是用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的相同之处。
从逻辑的角度而言，
differently为对比逻辑关系里的不同逻辑。
alike为对比逻辑关系里的相同逻辑。
Nevertheless,为转折(也即是广义的相反)逻辑。需要提醒的是，考生要注意到nevertheless转折的并非是其最前面的那一句，而是该篇文章的第1层逻辑的不同点，也就是第一句。笔者这样说只是想时刻提醒读者，阅读的精髓本质并非是简单地对原文的中文翻译，而是看到句子与句子的结构、逻辑关系和联系、文章的主旨与细节。
下面一起来题目：
例题：
The
primary purpose of the passage is to
A. defend a
controversial interpretation of two novels
B. explain
the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C. delineate
broad differences between two novels
D.compareand contrast two novels
E. criticize
and evaluate two novels
解析：
该题很明显为主旨题目。直接从刚才我们对文章的结构和逻辑分析不难得出，该篇文章主要的逻辑是对比逻辑。因此考生在看选项的时候，切记要先看动词。很快我们可以得出答案为D选项。
例题2：
According
the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B method of disguising the
author’s real purposes
C portrayal of men as
determiners of the novel’s action
D creation of a realistic story
E controversial effect on
readers
解析：
该题为细节中的不同逻辑关系的题目。具体而言就是问Frankenstein 和 Wuthering
Heights这2本小说不同之处在于Frankenstein(题目用代词its表示)的什么。
考生这时候应该思考一下，该题的答案应该定位到原文哪一层结构?没错，就在第1层。因为只有第1层才说的是不同之处。而题目更加详细地问我们是Frankenstein这本小说怎样。于是回到原文对应的地方：“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes.”
我们不难得出，该句的大意是在说：Frankenstein这本小说描写的是女性角色的命运完全依赖于男性的行为。从逻辑关系的角度而言，就是女性角色和男性角色的行为的逻辑关系。那么答案也必然是对该逻辑关系的同义替换。所以答案不难得出是C选项。有意思的是，原文的表达是：女性角色的命运完全依赖男性的行为;而正确答案的表达为：男性决定女性角色。由于篇幅的关系，更全面的逻辑关系和原文对正确选项的替换类型，我们会在课堂上或者后面出版的阅读书籍中详细阐述。
官方真题例3.2：
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Although scientists observe that an
organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these
patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One
experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another
experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California
maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that
endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s
rhythmic behavior
解析：
Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior
falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are
affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms.
Another experimenter,
Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their
original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous
influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic
behavior
该篇文章的主旨为第1句。由第1句中的disagree一词可以预判文章后面应该会出现关于disagree后面的部分的内容的不同的观点。
文章的结构于是不难得出可以分为2层。
第1层即是第一句，为该篇文章主题句。
第2层中分为2小点。第1点为one部分的内容，也即是Brown的实验的具体内容和发现的结果以及结论。第2点为Hamner的具体的实验的内容和结论。
需要提醒考生的是，文章中主题和细节的重复的部分。也就是当考生看完主旨句的时候，就应该意识到，scientists, organism’s behavior, environment都是抽象词，文章后面会不断具体重复这几个主题抽象词。
例如：
scientists=Brown
+ Hamner
organism= oysters+ hamsters
environment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ California
behavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +
maintain their original rhythms
官方真题例3.3：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that
racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of
controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination
against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as
“racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a
race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also
including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and
the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms
were not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of
both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early
twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,
inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
分析：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination againstBlacks in
the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst a
group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward such
ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,
he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based
on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance
faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst Oriental people in
California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
上面的不同的颜色或者符号标记，代表该GRE文章中大量的---同义替换。
如下：
1, racism—racial
prejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negative
prejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination
2， stems
form---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by
3, capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism
4, A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He
5, class struggle----a means of controlling workers
6,
against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…
7， Chinese---- Oriental people
那么大家思考过没有，文章在后面展开过程中，为啥不断地同义替换那几个词?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句：A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle
that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by
capitalists as a means of controlling workers.的时候，应该想到什么?其实，如果对GRE阅读熟悉的话，就应该清楚，很多文章的写作意图是反驳别人的观点。那么我们思考一下，后面作者会怎么反驳那个马克思学家?对，应该是从如下两点：
1、在某某情况下，也存在racism,可是不是由于class
struggle.
2、在某某情况下，也存在racism,可是那时候，还没有capitalist
system.
也就是我们在后文的不断的反驳中，不得不去重复这几个概念：偏见、来自于、资本主义
第一点反驳：在某某情况下，你得说也存在这种偏见。
第二点反驳：同样，你也得说，在某某情况下，也存在偏见，可是那时候还没有资本主义。
试想一下，如果我们在看文章的时候，在脑海里，把刚才那些所有的同义替换的单词，都理解为同一个概念，或者说idea，那么我们看文章的时候，就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“联系”起来。这样，就不会像大多数的中国考生那样，看到后面的intolerance, antagonisms 的时候，就开始绞尽脑汁地回想那些单词的中文意思。
那么，大家再思考一下，如果我们能够有这种“deliberate oversimplification”---在看文章的时候，有意的把那些相同的概念的单词联系起来，脑海里出现同一个“概念”，而不是每个单词的对应的中文翻译。那么，看起文章来，就够快，而且，最重要的是，你可以把整篇文章串起来!这样，在考场上看文章的时候，才可以在规定的时间里，看完文章并且做完题目。以上所探讨的问题，也是考生在备考的时候，应该注意到并且熟悉的一点。
小结：
从上面笔者对阅读文章的分析，读者不难发现，真正对阅读文章的理解远远不是简单的翻译即可，而是要深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系。备考的时候，只要考生对GRE阅读文章的结构、逻辑关系以及出题规律的无比熟悉，而并非简单的记忆词汇和进行题海战术，那么对的阅读的攻破也将唾手可得。
GRE考试阅读模拟练习题
1.In Bassaria a group of that country's most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences， by depriving them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justice―the fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.
Which of the following， if true， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?
(A)Before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.
(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.
(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.
(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.
(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.
2.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.
Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?
(A)The reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.
(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.
(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.
(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.
(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.
3. In recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists' hypothesis?
(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?
(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?
(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?
(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?
(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?
参考答案：
AAE
GRE考试阅读模拟练习题
1.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in men.However， this view cannot be correct，since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
(A)Many men who have never had heart disease have unusually low levels of testosterone.
(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.
(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.
(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the effects of a single common cause.
(E)High levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.
2.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier， on average， than people who do not engage in this activity.Therefore， scuba diving tends to promote improved health.
The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba diving does so solely for health reasons
(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that no one can achieve good health without engaging in scuba diving
(C)fails to point out that a small number of people are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents each year
(D)treats a precondition for improving one's health as though it were something that by itself could ensure good health
(E)overlooks the possibility that people generally do not take up scuba diving unless they are in good health
3.Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?In recent years， the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase，they cite figures that show that， even adjusting for inflation， the price that the buyer of a new car pays，on average， is far higher now than a few years ago.
This evidence is unpersuasive， however， because
(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used
(B)after someone has bought a car， it might be several years before that person next buys a car
(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased
(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers
(E)the change in the average price paid for a new car could result solely from more people's rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars.
参考答案：
BEE
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