以下是小编帮大家整理的语法专讲之从句-人教版，本文共8篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
篇1：语法专讲之从句-人教版
第一讲 名词性从句
1．主语从句
（1）引导主语从句的关联代词不达意和关联副词如下：
who, what, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, when, where, how, why
例：What you need is more practice.
When we shall have our meeting is still a question.
Who will go to the conference is not important.
(2)形式主语it
主语从句可以放在句子后部，而用it 作形式主语放在句首，尤其是连词 that 引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。即：it +be+adj.+that-clause。但是，what, whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句一般不后置。
例：It is certain(that) he will come.
It’s a pity(that)you missed such a good journey.
It won’t make too much difference when we will start.
(3) what和that引导的主语从句的区别：
what作为关联代词，引导主语从句时，在从句中必须充当句子成分；而that作为连词，引阳主语从句时，其本身没有实际的意义，不充当句子成分，在句首时不能省略。
例：What I want to know is your address.
That they ask for better living and working conditions is right.
要特别注意连词that 用于其中的这种句型：
It + be +p.p. + that-clause 例如：
It is said that in China there are 50 million people with disabilities.
It is hoped that the blacks will have equal rights.
(4)whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句：
whatever, 相当于anything that, 是 what 的强调形式，表示“什么都，任何的事或物”。例如：
Whatever she does is ridiculous.
Whoever是who的强调形式，相当于anyone who ,表示“任何……的人都，凡是……的人都”。例如：
Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.
Whichever “ 无论哪个；无论哪些”，既指人，也指物；可以单独使用，也可修饰名词，可以跟of 短语连用。
例如：Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a helping hand to others.
Whichever book you borrow doesn’t matter to me.
(5)whether 和if 引导的主语从句的区别：
whether 引导的主语从句可放在句首，也可放在后面，但if引导的主语从句一般放在句尾。例如：
Whether I’ll go there is not decided.
It is not decided whether/if I’ll go there.
2.宾语从句
（1）宾语从句中的虚拟语气
a. desire(愿望)，demand(要求)，insist(坚决要求)，order(命令)，request(请求)，suggest(建议)，propose（提议，建议）等词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有两种：should + 不带 to 的不定式，或者省略should，直接用不带to 的不定式。例如：He insisted that she (should)stay here for another week.
They suggested that we(should)start at once.
b. wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有三种情况，请观察下列例名：
I wish they would stop fighting.
(表示对将来的愿望)
I wish I could fly.
(表示对现在的愿望)
I wish I were(口语was) as rich as he.
(表示对现在的愿望)
He wishes he had tried more things at college.
(表示对过去的愿望)
（2）及物动词和短语动词的宾语从句
在许多动词（如believe, know, think）之后that 皆可用可不用；在某些动词如（answer, imply）之后则一般需要用that. That也常出现在像assure, convince, inform, instruct sb. That, remind sb. That, tell sb. That之后。在较长的句子里，特别在“that-从句“与动词隔开时（即：及物动词后面跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时），that一般皆不可省。例如：
Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.
He answered that he would go.
The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.
短语动词（不及物动词+介词）不能跟“that从句”。例如：He boasted about his success. = He boasted that he was successful.
但以疑问词不达意开关的名词性从句前面的介词则不可省去。例如：
He boasted about how successful he was.
(3)介词的宾语从句
介词except, in, but后可以跟“that从句”，但在介词及短语动词后多跟“the fact that从句”。例如：He has no special faults except that he doesn’t try hard to learn from others.
His love of literature was due to the fact that his mother read poetary to him when he was a child.
The fact that 从句常跟在诸如 because of , in view of(鉴于)，on account of(由于)，owing to(由于)，due to(由于)，in spite of(不管)，despite（不管），等之后。
(4)形容词的宾语从句
在许多描述个人情感的形容词（如：afraid,glad,happy,pleased,sorry）或者是表示确信无疑的形容词（如certain,sure）之后皆可跟“that从句”，that可以省略。
例如：I’m sure(that)you’ll win.
I’m afraid(that) we’ve sold out of tickets.
(5)whether和if引导的宾语从句
在动词和少数用于否定的形容词，如not sure和not certain之后，whether和if 两者都可以用。例如：
I wonder if(whether)Jack can swim in such a wide river.
I’m not sure if(whether)my son can come back on time.
3.表语从句
（1）that和what引导的表语从句的区别：
that在引导的表语从句中，充当连词的作用，没有实际意义，不作句子成分；what在引导的表语从句中，充当连接代词的作用，代替the thing(s) that,作句子成分。例如：
Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week.
That’s what he said.
(2)引导表语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：
The question is whether he has signed the contract. (不能用if)
（3）reason后面的表语从句用that 引导。请比较下面两个复合句。
You must tell him the reason why ,that you won’t accept his offer.
The reason why we don’t trust him is that(口语用because)he has often lied .
4．同位语从句
（1）能跟同位语从句的名词
idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等名词后面，可以跟that 或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面的名词具体的含义。例如：
We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.
They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.
(2)同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句。
The suggestion(that) he raised at the meeting is very good.(作宾语时，可以省略)
The suggestion that the students(should)have plenty of exercise is very good.
(3)引导同位语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：
The question whether the Prime Minister should resign must be decided soon.
【典型例题】
1._______we can’t get seems better than _______we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______her or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever
3.-Do you remember_____ he came ?
---Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. how B .when C. that D. if
4._____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
5. _____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
【强化训练提高】
1．Go and get your coat, It’s ____you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
2. It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
3. The question is ______ the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
4. One of the men held the view _____ the book said was right.
A. that what B. what that C. that D. whether
5. They received orders _____the work be done at once .
A. which B. when C. / D. that
6. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge ,I can’t remember_____.
A. where B. there C. which D. that
7. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____you had a few days off ?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
8. The step-mother was punishing the poor girl, but she insisted that she _____the flower vase.
A. didn’t break B. not break
C. doesn’t break D. shouldn’t break
9. Can you make sure _____the gold ring ?
A. where she had put B. where had she put
C. where she has put D. where has she put
10. Rose looks pale. What do you think ____to her?
A. that has happened B. to have happened
C. that has been happened D. has happened
11. I wish it ____fine tomorrow.
A. would be B. will be C. is D. to being
12. He has come , but I didn’t know that he ____ until yesterday.
A. is coming B. will come
C. was coming D. wasn’t coming
13. Energy is ____ makes thing work.
A. what B. everything C. something D. that
14. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A. why; why B. why; because
C. why; that D. that; because
15. He often thinks of ____ he can do more for his county.
A. what B. how C. that D. which
16. He does not think the question of____ they are men or women is important.
A. whether B. if C. which D. why
17. It was ordered that all the soldiers ____ to the front.
A. should send B. must be send C. should be send D. must go
18. I wish I ____ that mistake in my examination.
A. did not make B. have not make C. do not make D. had not made
19. Air is to us ____ water is to fish.
A. is that B. what C. which D. that
第二讲 状语从句
1． 时间状语从句
通常由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till(until), since, once(一旦)等引导。例如：
The cyclist started just as the lights changed to green.
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
We had all handed in our papers before the bell rang.
Once you understand the rules of the game, you’ll injoy it.
He didn’t leave his office until he had finished the day’s work.
(1)一些表示时间的名词词组如the moment , the minute , the day , the year, every time , next time, 副词immediately, directly, instantly 等也可引导时间状语从句。例如：
I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
I recognized her the minute I saw her.
I’m going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
He left Europe the year World War Ⅱ broke out.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
My sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.
(2) when, while和as
when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。例如：
I was fat when I was a child.
When they came home, I was cooking dinner.
When the film ended, people rush out of the hall.
While引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。例如：He took a bath while I was preparing dinner.
She watched TV while(she was) eating.
as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。
As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.
He sang songs as he was taking a bath.
(3) till和untill
till和untill意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用untill ; 在强调结构或与not 连用时多用till。例如： Nothing can be done till(until)the boss returns.
We waited till(until)they came back.
Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
It was not until today that it was made public.
Not until midnight did the noise of the street stop.
(4)hardly…when和no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意，也可引导时间状语从句。从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。hardly及no sooner置于句首时，语气较强，主句的谓语要部分倒装。例如：
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country .
No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.
(那个谍报员刚踏进国门就被受命要去他国。)
2．地点状语从句
通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。
I found the books where I lift them.
Make a mark where you have any questions.
Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
(1)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。例如：
Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
Where(ver) there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.
(2)where 引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别
where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词，而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。例如：
Go back where you came from.
Go back to the village where you came from.
Bamboo(竹子)grows best where it’s wet and rainy.
Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.
3.原因状语从句
通常由because, since, as 引导，其中because表示原因，语势最强, since稍弱，as 最弱。
He took off his hat because he felt hot.
Because it was wet, I didn’t go out for a walk.
Don’t do anything simply because other people are doing it.
(1)在强调句型中，引导从句只能用because,不能用since或as 。例如：
As/Since he was not at home, I spoke to his brother.
Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.
Since we’re young, we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.
4.目的状语从句
通常由that, so that, in order that, so 等连词引导。例如：
He took medicine on time that he might get will again.
The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can/may understand well.
She has bought the book in order that she can follow the TV lessons.
(1) 目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might), can(could),should, will等情态动词。通常主句在前，从句在后，主句与从句之间没有逗号.
(2) 由that 引导的目的状语从句现在用得较少,通常为so that 或in order that所取代, in order that多用于正式文体中, so可用于口语或非正式文体中．例如：
We’ll sit nearer the front so(that)we can hear better.
(3)在非正式文体中，常用in case引导目的状语从句，表示“以防、以免”等含义。例如：
He left early in case he should miss the train.
Take your raincoat in case it rains.
(Take your raincoat in case it should rain.)
5.结果状语从句
通常由连词that, so that, so…that, such…that等引导。例如：What have I done that you should be so angry with me?
He had overslept , so that he was late for work.
He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word.
He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.
(1)so…that和such…that引导的结果状语从句都表示主句的动作或状态达到一定程度而引起的结果。
So是副词，用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其他结构，such是形容词，用来修饰名词（可数或不可数名词）或名词短语。例如：
There were so many people in the room that we couldn’t get in.
So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital.
(so位于句首时，主句的词序须倒装)
The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of facts.
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
Such修饰单数可数名词且名词前有形容词时，可用so替换such,冠词与形容词交换位置，构成so + adj. + a(an) +名词，上面的句子可写成：
He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
又如：This is such a beautiful chair that I’m thinking of buying it.
This is so beautiful a chair that I’m thinking of buying it .
(2)区别由that, so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的方法
1）根据上下文及句子所表达的意思判断。
2）根据句子的结构来判断。从句之前有逗号的常是结果状语从句；从句中有情态动词的多半是目的状语从句。例如： She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (结果)
She hurried so that she might catch the bus.
I went to the lecture early, so that I got a good seat.(结果)
I’m going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat.（目的）
6．条件状语从句
通常由if, unless(如果不，除非)，as(so) long as (只要)，in case(that)(结果，万一)等连词引导
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
In case anything important happens, please call me up.
万一发生了什么重要事情，请打电话给我。
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
只要你小心使用，我会借给你的。
（1）if和unless
unless是比if …not略为正式的表达法，unless从句的谓语动词只能是肯定式，例如：
Do not come unless I call you.
=Do not come id I do not call you.
Unless he’s in uniform, he doesn’t look like a policeman.
(2)If only常表示愿望或一未实现的条件，尤用于感叹句。表示“但愿，要是……就好了”。
If only he arrives in time!
If only I had met him earlier!
If only it would stop raining!
7.方式状语从句
通常由as, as if, as though引导
You must do the exercises as I show you.
I’ll do as I’m told to.
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
He walked slowly as if(though)he had hurt his leg.
as if , as though引导的状语从句，多描述非现实情况，应用虚拟语气，但口语中也有用陈述语气的。例如：
He walked as if he were(was)drunk.
He treats me as though I am(were)a stranger.
8.比较状语从句
通常由as…as, not so(as)…as, than等引导。例如：
His brother is as handsome as he(him).
The film was not so(as)good as I had expented.
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.
I play tennis as well as him(he does).
She has a lot of books, but I don’t have as(so)many.
He swims faster than any other student in his class.
(1) as和than引导的比较状语从句常常省去与主句中相同的部分，只留下相比较的部分。例如：
She looks far older than she is .
It’s generally more expensive to travel by plan than by train.
(2)the +比较级（接从句），the +比较级（接从句）这一句型一般也归在比较状语从句内，表示“越……（就）越……”
The more you study, the more you dnow.
The more I know her, the more I liked her.
The harder we work, the happier we feel.
The quicker you get ready, the sooner we’ll be able to leave.
The less she worried, the better she worded.
The more air there is inside the tyre, the harder it is pressed.
9.让步状语从句
通常由though, although, as(虽然，尽管)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter who(what, which, when, where, how) whether等引导。
（1）由although, though, as 引导的状语从句although和though同义，用法基本相同。前者较正式，多置于句首；后者较通俗，口语化。
He didn’t light the fire though/although it was cold.
Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.
As引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，语序要倒装，它比用though或although引导让步状语从句更有表现力，语气更强。
Rich as he is (=Although he’s rich), I don’t envy him.
Difficult the task was ,they managed to finish it in time.
Child as he is , he knows a lot.
Much as I love it, I’ll not buy it.
Though引导的让步状语从句，除了用于自然语序外，也可用于倒装语序，although则不可用于此句型。
Clever though(as)you may be, you cannot do that.
(2) even if, even though
even if, even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。
I’ll do it , even if it takes me all the afternoon.
Even if he did say so , we cannot be sure that he was telling the truth.
Even if 的从句中含有强烈的假定性，even though多以此句内容为前提。例如：
Even if he is poor, she loves him.
(尽管他很穷，她还是爱他。)
（3）由wh-词+ever引导让步状语从句
Keep calm, whatever happens.
Whenever you call on me , you are always welcome.
口语中常用no matter wh-来代替，
wh –ever 引导让步状语从句。
No matter what I did(=Whatever I did), no one paid any attention.
Wherever(= No matter where)you work,you can always find time to study.
However(= No matter how)often you ring, no one will answer.
(3) whether引导让步 状语
whether(…or)引导让步状语从句，提供两个或两个以上供选择的条件。
Whether he drives or(whether he)takes the train, he’ll be there on time.
Whether I go alone or whether he go(es) with me , the result will be the same.
【典型例题】
1．If we word with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
2. Mother was worried because Alice was ill, especially ____Father was away in France.
A. as B. that C. during D. if
3. Why do you want a new job ____you’ve got such a good one already?
A. that B. where C. which D. when
4. ---What was the party like?
---Wonderful! It’s years ____I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
5. We won’t give up ____we should fail ten times.
A. even if B. since C. whether D. until
【强化训练提高】
1．_____difficult the work may be, we must go allout to finish it ahead of time.
A. Whatever B. However C. How D. What
2._____time went on, the truth has come to light.
A. When B. With C. By D. As
3.-You seem to have that car for years.
--Yes, I should sell it ___it still runs.
A. before B. during C. until D. while
4.____I met him, he was wording as a secretary in a big company.
A. Since the first time B. The first time
C. The first time which D. For the first time
5.He knew the problem was serious and promised to look into it ____ he reached office.
A. that moment B. for that moment
C. immediately D. soon
6.- When will the decision be made to deal with the matter?
-- Nothing is going to happen ____ I have looked into it further.
A. no matter B. when C. until D. whatever
7. We’ll be able to get there on time ____ our car doesn’t break down on the road.
A. as soon as B. as far as
C. as well as D. as long as
8._____you have made a promise, you should carry it out.
A. Until B. Once C. For D. While
9. Hardly had the game begun ____ it started to rain.
A. as B. than C. when D. while
10. The museum will have to close ___ the government agrees to give extra money.
A. until B. if C. when D. unless
11.-Will you go to attend her birthday party？
--No, ___ invited to.
A. if B. until C. when D. even though
12.____ everybody knows abut it, I don’t want to talk any more.
A. For B. Even C. Since D. However
13. We do not necessarily grow wiser ___ we grow older.
A. as B. than C. that D. because
14. He sent the letter by air mail ___it might reach them in good time.
A. because B. so as to C. so that D. for
15. - It was ___ I came back that he went to bed.
__ It was obvious that he was worried about you.
A. why B. because C. when D. not until
16. Shanghai is developing very fast. Now it has ____ factories than in Hangzhou.
A. a lot of more B. many more C. quite more D. much more
17. --- Could I borrow your dictionary?
--- I’d get it for you ___ I could remember who last borrowed it.
A. only if B. if only
C. except that D. considering that
18. He sensed something unusual ____ he stepped into room.
A. hardly when B. as long as
C. for the moment D. the moment
19. Call me at once ____ anything goes wrong with the machine.
A. when B. how C. because D. but
20. --- Why was the price of bread so high that year?
---____ the war broke out.
A. As B. Since C. For D. Because
第三讲 倒装
1．完全倒装
（1）用于there be 句型
例如：There are many students in the classroom.
（2）用于“here, there, now, then + 不及物动词+主语”的句型中或以out, in, up, down, away等副词开头的句子中，表示强调。
例如：There goes the bell.
Now comes your turn.
Out went the students.
(但代伺作主语时不倒装)
例如：Here he comes. Here it is.
（3）当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，要全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big still factory.
（4）表语用于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
1）形容词+连系动词+主语
Present at the meeting were professor White and many other guests.
2)过去分词+连系动词+主语
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
3)介词短语+be+主语
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
4)用于so, nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容，要用倒装。
例如：He has been to Beijing, so have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question, Neither can I .
5)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语可倒装。
例如：They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens.
2.部分倒装
（1）用于疑问句和省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。
例如：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
Were I you, I would do the work better.
(2)用于no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和 not until句型中。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
No sooner had he finished the talk than a man stood up and put forward a question.
(3)用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, often, at, no time, not only, not once等词开头的句子。
例如：Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
(4)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。
例如：May you succeed!
【典型例题】
1．Not until all the fish died in the river___ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn’t the villagers realize
2. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow
C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow
3. Not only ___ polluted but ____ crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets
B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were
D. the city was; the streets were
4. Only by practicing a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you
C. you will D. will you
5. Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he came B. did he care
C. he cares D. he cared
【强化训练提高】
1. _____ seen him before, _____ tell you his name?
A. Never have I; how I can
B. I have never; how I can
C. Never have I ; how can I
D. I never have; how can I
2. Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize
C. I didn’t realize C. I realized
3. Hardly ___ the bus stop ____ the bus arrived.
A. we had got to; when B. we had got to; then
C. had we got to; than D. had we got to; when
4. – Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
-- I don’t know, ____.
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also
5. ____ sat down for a rest ____ the door bell rang.
A. Hardly had I; when B. Hardly had I; than
C. Hardly I had; when D. Hardly I had; than
6. – You seem to be an actor.
-- ____ .I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am
7. Not only ____ working hard, but also ____ very polite.
A. the boy is; he is B. is the boy; he is
C. the boy is; is he D. is the boy; is he
8. ____ , he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
A. Try as he does B. As he tries
C. Try as does he D. As try he does
9. – I can’t see the picture well from here.
-- ____.
A. Neither can’t I B. Neither I can
C. I can’t neither D. Neither can I
10. –You ought to have given them some advice.
--____ , but who cared what I said?
A. So ought you B. So I ought
C. So it was D. So I did
11. Not until he arrived home ___ he find that his wallet had been stolen.
A. did B. would C. when D. that
12. So carelessly ___ that he almost killed himself.
A. he drives B. does he drive
C. did he drive D. he drove
13. – This is one of the oldest trees in the world.
-- ___ such a big tree.
A. Never I have seen B. I haven’t never seen
C. Never have I seen D. I have seen never
14. Nowhere else in the world __ cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A. a tourist can find B. can a tourist find
C. a tourist will find D. a tourist has found
15. ____ succeed in doing anything.
A. Only by working B. By only working hard we can
C. Only we can by wording hard
D. Only by working hard can we
16. Not only __ repair bikes but he ___ repair televisions.
A. he can; also can B. he can; can also
C. can he; also can D. can he; can also
17. ___ did we go swimming in the Changjiang River.
A. Only B. Once C. Seldom D. When
18. The door opened and ___ a middle-aged woman __ an expensive fur coat.
A. came in; in B. in came; in
C. came in; on D. in came; on
19. So rapidly __ that we could hardly follow him.
A. he spoke B. did he speak C. he was speaking
D. was he speaking
20. –Do you know exactly_____?
--Sorry, I don’t.
A. how many rivers are there in China
B. how many rivers there are in China
C. how many rivers are they in China
D. how many rivers they are in China
21.___ that we all went out, lying in the sun.
A. So fine was the weather
B. So was the fine weather
C. The weather was so fine
D. So the weather was fine
篇2：语法讲座之主语从句
基本概念
1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2．构成：关联词+简单句
3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。如：
Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
重点疑难
1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A.It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B.It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：
Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C.It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D.It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E.It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？
G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
篇3：语法讲座之表语从句
基本概念
1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
重点疑难
1． 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2． 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
篇4：语法讲座之宾语从句
基本概念
1．定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1． Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
3．That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4． We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2)从属连词if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如：
I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
重点疑难
1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2．作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what youve done?
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
Im afraid you dont understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4．连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。
5．宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？
6． 宾语从句的时态变化规律：
(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
篇5：语法讲座之定语从句
基本概念
（一）定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？
2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上 译成先行词的定语：“．．．的” 通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上 A．作宾语时可省略 A．不可省略
B．可用that B．不用that
C．可用who 代替whom C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）
2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）
重点疑难
（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。
5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。
3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：
Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：
A.I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B.I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C.This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who dont）
（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。
2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。
3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：
A.The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.（同位语从句） 我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B.The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.（同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
基本概念
1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy.
A. which B. who C. this D. what
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
4. Please take any seat is free.
A. which B. where C. in which D. that
5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier.
A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them
6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).
A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which
7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼)， has more than 100 storeys.
A. the higher of them B. the highest of which
C. the highest of them D. some of which
8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be.
A. which B. as C. where D. when
9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time
10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
12. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked.
A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which
13. I don't like the way you speak to her.
A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C
14. I shall never forget the years I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
15. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30yearstime.
A. What B. That C. As D. It
16. Is this book you want to borrow from the library?
A. that B. which C. the one D. /
17. Such a book you showed me is difficult to understand.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books were popular then.
A. / B. that C. which D. who
19. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there C. that D. which
20. Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing, live my old parents.
A. which B. that C. where D. there
练习答案：
1---5 ADBDA 6---10 DBBDB 11---15 BADBC 16---20 CCBAC
篇6：语法讲座之同位语从句
基本概念
1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
重点疑难
1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句 that引导的定语从句
句法功能上 that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上 从句是被修饰名词的内容。 从句起限定作用，是定语
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
专项练习
A.用适当的连接词填空：
1.It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2.I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4.It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6.---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7.Word came I was wanted at the office.
8.Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9.The teacher didnt tell me we were wrong.
10.Its generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B.单项选择：
1.It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2.Does matter much he cant come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3.----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4.The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6.I really dont know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7.Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8.----What do you think of China?
---- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I cant learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
Keys:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
篇7：高考英语二轮语法专讲教案 第3讲：定语从句
高考英语二轮语法专讲精品教案 第3讲：定语从句
高考英语二轮语法专讲精品教案 第3讲：定语从句 来源：中学学科网 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一．词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 例1：This is the detective who came from London. 例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. 2．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? 3．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 二．关系副词引导的定语从句 1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。 三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1．二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 (1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四．As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如： The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. （3）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。 2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 五．学习定语从句的几个问题 定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一，每年高考题对之均有考查。 (一)、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性 定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如： The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但注意下列一组句子： He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now. 如果one of +复数名词后跟有定语从句，一般情况下one of后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。 (二)、定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。 Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch) (三)、定语从句与并列结构 He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. Ive got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai. 第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。 (四)、定语从句与状语从句 He found the books where he had put. He found the books in the place where he had put. 第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。 This is such an interesting book that Idlike to read it. This is such an interesting book as Id like to read. 第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的'定语从句中read的宾语。 (五)、定语从句中的先行词 Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday? 第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday? (六)、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如： The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句) The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句) 另：在have no idea+从句结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如： I have no idea when she will be back. 六、定语从句易犯小错误 由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种： (一)、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如： 1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come． 正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come． 译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。 析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。 2．误：The book that you need it is in the library． 正：The book that you need is in the library． 译：你需要的书在图书馆里。 析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。 (二)、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如： 1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished． 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished． 译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。 析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 2．误：Those who has finished may go home． 正：Those who have finished may go home． 译：做完了的人现在可以回家。 析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school． 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school． 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。 析：应改k篇8：高考英语二轮语法专讲教案 第4讲 同位语从句
高考英语二轮语法专讲精品教案 第4讲 同位语从句
高考英语二轮语法专讲精品教案 第4讲 同位语从句 来源：中学学科网 一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质 在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that,whether，what, which, who,when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,wish, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion,等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。 例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。 析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。 二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句 1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用） 例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。 析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。 2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句） 例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。 析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加是否的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。 3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when,where,how等词引导同位语从句。 例1：I have no idea when he will be back. 析：he will be back意义不完整，应加什么时候的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。 例2：I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike. 析：he went home意义不完整，应加如何的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。 4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后肢。 如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想到敌人可能已经逃出城了。 三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限 同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的'引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。 区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。 如：The report that he was going to resign was false. 他将辞职的传闻是假的。 因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。 例：Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海) A.while B.that C.when D.as 析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于： It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward. A.what B.that C.when D.as 析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
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