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今天小编在这给大家整理了语言学开题报告范文,本文共13篇,我们一起来阅读吧!

语言学开题报告范文

篇1:语言学论文开题报告

语言学论文开题报告

1、论文(设计)题目:近十年来网络流行语的语言学分析

2、选题目的和意义;

目前关于网络流行语的现象研究方兴未艾,已有不少专家学者对其进行了探讨。总体来看,研究者的定量研究多于定性分析;多从语言学,心理学,教育学和审美学的角度进行评析;对其产生的原因的认识比较全面;对其后果和影响的分析比较客观;提出的对策建议也比较理性和宽容。但也面临着一些问题和不足:对网络流行语的生成方式,使用情况等研究还不够深入和全面,有的网络流行语研究中缺少理论指导和方法论指导,还需要我们本着科学的态度进行认真、深入和细致的整理和研究。

选题目的:网络流行语作为流行语的一支,以独特的风格和迅猛地传播速度出现在人们的日常生活中,对它的研究也越来越受到关注。本文力求运用语言学的理论,对网络流行语进行归纳和总结,使网络流行语在规范中发展。

选题意义:希望通过研究,使我们对网络流行语有更加深刻的了解,同时针对网络流行语中出现的不规范问题提出一些建议,“取其精华,去其糟粕”,使网络流行语健康发展。逐步丰富和拓展网络流行语的研究领域,激发我们对网络流行语进一步的研究和探索。

3、与本课题相关的研究文献和理论观点综述:

1、研究文献:

[1]曹起.网络流行语的语音变异分析[J] .辽宁工学院学报,,8;32. [2]陈建伟.网络流行语研究[D].广西:广西大学,.

[3]陈一民.语言学层面的网络流行语解读[J] .中南林业科技大学学报,2008,11:96. [4]李润生.网络词汇的造词法探析[J] .江西教育学院学报,. [5]伍铁平.普通语言学概要[M].高等教育出版社,1993:180.

[6]陈勇力.网络时代的新“语言 ”[D] . 福建:福建师范大学,2003. [7]黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,;312. [8]叶蜚声,徐通锵.语言学纲要[M] . 北京:北京大学出版社,:29. [9]邓文彬.网络语言的定位与规范问题[J] .西南民族大学学报,-01.

2、理论观点综述:

网络流行语的研究是现代汉语语言研究中的一个热门话题。它具有和其他领域的流行语一样的基本属性,又具有独特语言学领域的特色。

关于网络流行语的问题,目前学术界有不同的界定标准。比如有的学者所言,“网络流行语的产生和发展变化都不以个体的`意志为转移, 是社会集体意志的产物”,这是从社会语言学的角度论述的;还有研究者从语言中的修辞角度进行解释,网络流行语的各级语言单位在修辞手段应用上呈现出许多独到的修辞特点:有的则是从审美观点出发,指出网络流行语适应时代发展,更加迫求文明、美感和高雅。综上所述,网络流行语作为一种新的语言形式,泛指在网络传播中所应用和触及到的一切语言,对人们的生活影响越来越大,同时也引起学者的重视。

本文主要是从网络流行语的概念和发展入手,借鉴先前研究学者的经验,在语言学的基础上更加全面的对网络流行语进行归纳和总结。

4.论文的进度安排:

1.20XX年3月围绕选题收集材料。

2.20XX年4月撰写初稿。

3.20XX年5月修改完成。

主要研究内容:

一、网络流行语的概述

(一)网络流行语的概念

(二)网络流行语的发展现状

二、网络流行语产生的原因

(一)语言的合作原则

(二)语言的经济原则

(三)语言符号的任意性原则

三、网络流行语的生成方式

(一)语音手段

1、出现大量的谐音词

2、同音法

(二)词汇手段

1、词语的缩略法

2、旧词新用

3、借词的大量增加

(1)音译词

(2)意译词

(3)音译兼意译

4、数字或字母代替汉语词语

5、方言词的运用

(三)语法手段

1、词序的变化

2、词类的发展

3、语法中的类推作用

(四)修辞手段

1、隐喻的大量使用

2、借代的运用

3、仿词的出现

四、网络流行语的来源

(一)来源于社会热点事件

(二)来源于网民自创

(三)来源于影视文学作品

(四)来源于春晚经典台词

五、网络流行语的 影响

(一)积极影响

(二)消极影响

完成论文的条件、方法及措施:

条件:借助学校图书馆查阅一些与论文相关的书籍、期刊等资料;通过互联网搜索有关的大量信息作为参考;论文指导教师的指导与帮助。

方法及措施:首先,掌握大量与网络流行语密切相关的专业知识;第二,通过图书馆及互联网查阅关于网络流行语的相关文献,并将所获得的资料进行整理,做好相关笔记;第三,在不同年龄段网民中间做一系列问卷调查,用来掌握网络流行语的实际使用情况,用以支撑论文观点;第四,在论文指导老师的引导和帮助下,对论文进行修改,使其在理论及应用上更加严谨;最后,整理归纳所有的资料及调查数据,经指导老师的审核后完成论文,然后将资料进行保存,作为以后学习和工作的资料。

篇2:语言学硕士论文开题报告

论文题目:目的论在英汉广告翻译上的'应用

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere 。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as 1992, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 1992:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 1995: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发2002: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

The translator should pay attention to avoid leading ambiguity and interpretingwithout real understanding; 2) social and cultural equivalence. Translation is to introduce foreign culture. Due to the restriction of cultural differences and languageform, there is rarely a pair of words between English and Chinese, so the social andcultural factors should be considered in the translation equivalence. Strong culturalcolor of idioms, allusions, such as proper nouns in the translation should be adjusted,translate its true meaning; 3) the stylistic equivalence. One of the translation task isto reproduce the original style and literary style, keep the spirit and the form of theoriginal (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。 By contrast, other equivalence theory researchers are morevalued function equivalence. They think advertising translation should be followedby the equivalent principle on the basis of functional equivalence, and notconstrained by the original text expression (苏淑惠 :51-56)。

Some researchers point out that the aesthetic factors play a significant role incommercial advertising. Studies show that if there are connotation aesthetics andlanguage aesthetics, the advertising will be successful. Connotation aestheticsinclude the beauty of artistic conception, image, emotion and culture; languageaesthetics include the beauty of concise, word, sentence, phonology and rhetoric. Sotranslation should reproduce the original beauty, and extend when necessary, makethe translation have the same publicity effect with the original text ( 汪文格:86-89)。 They think that successful advertising is art fused of aesthetics,linguistics and psychology. In cross-cultural communication, when the literalmeaning and aesthetic feeling of advertising conflicts, the translator should abandonform, and reproduce the aesthetic feeling to strengthen its charisma and allure,achieve communicative effect. So advertising translation should adhere to theprinciple of dialectical unification of loyal and creative, organic combination ofequivalent and aesthetics (唐艳芳 2003:112-116)。

Some researchers argue that advertising communication task restricts the choiceof language. Advertising style brings out concise and implicit characteristics.

Creative advertising language and translation should show the characteristics in theaspects of words, grammar, and rhetoric and culture psychology. Perform goodstheme accurately, make the audience psychological resonance and have a buyingdesire (谢建平2002:37-40)。

The doctrine is not opposed to each other. They were essentially complementedeach other and fusion of each other. If advertising translation cannot be promotional, it will not be adopted. David Ogilvy said that advertising is not a kind of art form. Hedidn't want to hear others praise his advertising how creative. He just hopes it canattract people to purchase goods (David Ogilvy 2003)。

Since the early 90s, discussion about advertising translation methods appearedin foreign language periodicals, such as Chinese Translation. Li Xiangde points outthat four words phrase translations from Chinese into English can adopt threemethods: Literal translation, free translation and rhetorical translation. Literaltranslation is a corresponding structure. Free translation makes a little ellipsis,supplemented or sequential adjustment with the original text. Rhetoric translationusing rhetoric methods to make advertising language more vivid and attractive toconsumers (李祥德 1990:13-16)。

Jiang Lei summed up that there are four ways of advertising translation. Theyare literal translation, liberal translation, modeling translation and translation. Literaltranslation refers to retain the original text characteristics from content to culture.

Free translation refers to keep content and abandon the translation form. Modelingtranslation directly uses ready-made advertising formulas which are corresponding tothe original form. Translation means in accordance with the target language habits,translate from the angle of view, the actual situation and image (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。

Yang Quan Hong's article in science and technology of China points out thatdue to the particularity of international advertising, the translation should be differentfrom the traditional translation. As the supplement of routine advertising translation,the author put forward interpretation translation, namely, in order to adapt to thedestination market, recreate in target language against its original shape.

Interpretation translation helps across barriers in worldwide advertising translation,and it is conducive to make full use of its advantages in language translation (杨全红:16-19)。

Meng Lin and Zhan Jinghui analyze the types of puns in advertising, namely,homophonic puns, semantic puns, grammatical puns and idioms or colloquialismspun. They put forward the five kinds of punning translation (孟琳、詹晶辉 2001:48-51)。

In advertising translation, trademark translation is an important part. In terms ofits principle, researchers are generally recognized that it should be concise and vividas. Brevity is intended to facilitate the recognition memory. Vividness is to keep the brand image, maintain consistency of the global image. Two points are decided bythe inherent requirement of trademark function. According to the principle ofaesthetics, Hu Kaibao and Chen Zai Quan point out that the trademark translationshould be having popular beauty, simple beauty, strange beauty, rhyme beauty andartistic conception. Making trademark translation has affinity, arouse consumersdream, enhance their desire (胡开宝、陈在权 2000:51-53)。

Li Kexing summarizes Hong Kong enterprise and brand name translationprinciples and methods, proposes that from the perspective of a large number ofestablished translation, translator pursues four principles: considering both of soundand meaning; transliteration; avoid using ordinary common words (because thetrademark translation takes ordinary vocabulary exacerbate Chinese phenomenon ofpolysemy, negative social communication); avoid cultural taboos.

Jiang Lei from the perspective of social pragmatics, in view of theChinese-English cultural differences caused by the pragmatic failures in trademarktranslation, Jiang Lei puts forward five pragmatic translation strategies: 1.Highlightthe expressive function of a trademark; Show the national culture and seize theassociative meaning; 3.Picked up the auspicious beg, cater to consumer psychology;4.Cut accurate market positioning and pursuit of new business concepts; 5.Payattention to the cultural empathy and conform to the aesthetic psychological (蒋磊2002:52-56)。 This paper is full of examples. Jiang emphasizes the importance ofbrand translation in the cross-cultural barriers.

3、参考文献

David Ogilvy,(2003),《奥格威谈广告》。北京:机械工业出版社。

Guidere, Mathieu. Translation Practices in International Advertising. TranslationJournal, 2001(5)Gutt, Ernst-August. (2001)。 Translation and Relevance-Cognition and Context.

Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Hurbin, Pieerr. (1972)。 Peut-on traduire la Langue de la Publicé (Can One Translatethe Language of Advertisement)。 Babel: International Journal of Translation.

Leech, Geoffrey. (1974)。 Semantics. London: Longman Group.

Munday, Jeremy. (2001)。 Introducing Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.

Nord, Christine. (2001)。 Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai ForeignLanguage Educaiton Press.

Reiss, Katharina. ()。 Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Seguinot, Candace. (1995) Translation and Advertising: Going Global in CulturalFunctions of Translation. In Schaffner, C., Kelly-Holmes, H. (Eds.), CulturalFunctions of Translation. Multilingual Matters.

Smith, V. and C. Klein-Braley. (1997)。 Advertising: A five-stage strategy fortranslation. In C. Nord et al. (Eds), Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

4、论文提纲

Chapter One provides a brief background on the study. It introduces and explains the necessity of the study.

Chapter Two reviews relevant research related to advertising translation. Itintroduces the related research studies of advertising translation in China and west.

Chapter Three presents the theoretical framework which is the fundamentaltheoretical guidance of the thesis. It reviews the background and the development ofthe Skopos theory, and introduces three principles of the Skopos theory: the Skoposrule, the coherence rule and fidelity rule.

Chapter Four introduces gives a general introduction of advertising and majorlanguage features of English advertising.

Chapter Five expounds and proves the applicability of the Skopos theory toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation and explores specific translation strategies toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation under the guidance of the Skopos theory.

Chapter Six is conclusion of the entire thesis. Through the above analysis andresearch, this thesis concludes that on the basis of the Skopos theory,English-Chinese translation can be effectively guided. Meanwhile, the thesis alsopoints out the shortages of the study.

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容

Skopos Theory

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题

there are some analyses or comments in the thesis which may not beprofound because of limitation of advertising knowledge and practical workingexperience in the advertising field. However, in the future, more efforts will be madeto probe into the topic of advertising translation.

7、预期的结果

Meanwhile, English advertising is different from other literary translation. English advertising has its particular purpose and unique rhetorical features. To makethe target readers or consumers feel the charm of the source text, and finally promotethe goal of sale, translator should use flexible translation according to the differentrhetoric characteristics.

篇3:语言学及应用语言学硕士论文开题报告

语言学及应用语言学硕士论文开题报告

论文题目:留学生汉语关系从句的习得过程研究

一、研究的目的与意义

汉语关系从句又叫关系小句、定语从句和形容词小句,如“我送朋友的一本书”里面“我送朋友的”视为关系从句,“一本书”是中心语,“的”是关系从句的标句词。本文根据方梅()将这种小句称为关系从句。关系从句通常用于修饰名词。根据位于所修饰的名词的前后关系从句可分为两种类型,一种是前置关系从句,一种是后置关系从句,而汉语关系从句是典型的前置关系从句。长期以来,汉语关系从句的名称和定义比较模糊,其研究也是零散的,没有一个完整的体系。早期研究重在描写方面,如黎锦熙(1924)、吕叔湘(1979)、朱德熙(1980)等对汉语关系从句类型的划分。近期的关系从句研究,如沈阳(1994),引进空语类理论和题元理论解释了很多困扰语法学界的问题。但是现有研究解释问题的力度和广度不是很强。关于关系从句是否有移位以及是否具有限定性和非限定性之分,学界观点不一。在对外汉语教学研究中,汉语关系从句的习得研究还比较少。尽管有的学者就汉语关系从句的习得的难度和顺序提出了相关假设,但假设的可信度还有待讨论。关于汉语关系从句的习得过程和偏误分析还有很多值得研究的地方。总体说来,汉语关系从句的本体研究和习得研究都还处于发展阶段,比较零散,没有完整的体系。本文主要是在前人理论研究的基础上,首先从关系从句的本体研究入手,主要探讨其在句法语义层面的特点,如汉语关系从句可以分为哪些类型、是否存在移位以及有无限定性和非限定性问题。其次按级别搜集HSK动态作文语料库中外国学生的作文,并对安徽大学国际教育学院的留学生进行相关的实验调查,研究汉语关系从句习得的阶段性特征与发展规律,以便促进第二语言教学研究的深入发展。本文的研究主要有以下意义:

1.以生成语法的管辖约束理论为视角,着重于英、汉关系从句的不同点,比较全面系统地研究汉语关系从句的分类、句法移位与非移位、限定性与非限定性以及留学生习得各类型汉语关系从句的过程特点等问题。用具体的现代汉语语料来分析验证汉语关系从句的句法语义特征。

2.本文选取母语为英语、目的语为汉语的第二语言习得者作为观察研究的对象。通过对HSK动态作文语料库中的语料进行搜集整理分析,对安徽大学国际教育学院的留学生进行实验研究,从中发现汉语关系从句在第二语言成人习得中的特点和规律。

3.在汉语关系从句本体的研究和习得研究的基础上,利用已有的理论和实践知识去指导对外汉语关系从句的教学。

二、国内外发展趋势

1.汉语关系从句的传统研究

国内汉语关系从句的研究最早可以追溯到《马氏文通》,接着有黎锦熙、吕叔湘、朱德熙等学者的研究。他们是指“我送朋友的一本书”对关系从句进行了分类研究。黎锦熙(1924)把关系从句分为形容词的,内动词的,外动词的;并依据关系从句出现的不同位置将其分为三式:附在名词前,插在句中,添在句后。吕叔湘(1990)分为四类,即:有起词无止词的,有起词兼有止词而拿起词作端语的,拿止词做端语的,拿句子的补词作端语的。朱德熙(1981)以“的”字结构作为研究的出发点,提出了“潜主语”、“潜宾语”、“转指”和“自指”的概念。他认为“VP的”可以分为转指和自指,前者可以独立使用,即做主宾语;后者不能独立使用,即做定语。他认为决定转指的条件就是看“VP的”中“V”的主宾语是否被提取,即是否留下主宾语空位,主宾语被提取的“VP的”就是转指结构。此外,他还引进“向”的理论,提出了“歧义指数公式”即“p=n-m”。朱德熙先生的`研究成果使关系从句的研究向前迈进了一大步,但仍有一些语法现象是其理论所无法解释的。总体说来,早期关系从句的研究分类标准不一,也比较笼统。

2.生成语法下的汉语关系从句研究

随着乔姆斯基生成语法的传入,国内学者开始运用生成语法的研究成果来研究汉语关系从句。沈阳(1994)引进空语类理论和题元理论,概括出“VP的”专指结构的题元提取规则并提出了优先转指原则:显性主宾语空位>隐性题元空位>组合名词题元空位。同时他还讨论了“非独立转指‘VP 的’”结构问题,提出可以从关系从句的外部寻找句法限制。

关于汉语关系从句,学界有移位说和非移位说两个观点。移位说认为汉语关系从句有算子移动或中心名词提升。移位说可以分为三种类型,第一种是标准方案说;第二种是中心语提升说;第三种是折中分析说。Ning(1993)和Chiu(1993)等持标准方案说,认为关系从句是算子移动的结果,但由于汉语没有“who、which”等英语算子对应的词项,故汉语关系从句是零形式算子移动的结果。中心语提升说以黄正德(1982,)为代表,即汉语关系从句是中心语移动的结果。Aoun和Li()采取折中办法,对有些关系从句采用算子移位分析,而有些采用中心语移位分析。陈宗利()从生成语法角度探讨汉语从句的内部结构及其句法推导,认为汉语既要通过特征匹配来实现也要通过从句显性移位来实现。非移位说即汉语关系从句既没有算子移动也没有中心语提升。Roger Hawkins()认为汉语的关系从句从不涉及移位,其中的空语类是空代词而不是语迹。杨彩艳()认为汉语关系化中没有移动,与英语关系化的移动语迹相对应的是空代词。她提出了六个方面的特征具体论述了汉语关系从句是非移动的。杨彩艳()讨论了英汉关系从句的合格条件,她认为英语关系从句的谓词是句法开放性谓词,是移位生成的;而汉语关系从句是句法非开放性谓词,是非移位生成的,但就具体的汉语关系从句是怎样生成的她并没有详细说明。

就汉语关系从句在句法和语义方面是否具有限定性(restrictive relative clause,简称RRC)和非限定性(non-restrictive relative clause,简称NRC)的区别,生成语法学界有不同看法。观点一,黄正德、吕叔湘等人认为在汉语关系从句中有限定性和非限定性的区别。Chao(1968:286-287)认为,RRC是关系从句先于指示词,发挥的是区别功能。如“戴眼镜的那位先生是谁”。NRC是指示词先于关系从句,发挥的是注释功能。如“那位戴眼镜的先生是谁”。Huang(1982/1998:42-48)认为RRC/NRC和数量词语都是中心语的修饰语或附加语。当NRC处于数量词语的辖域内,由指示词来决定整个名词短语的所指。然而当数量词语处于RRC的辖域内,则由RRC决定整个名词短语的所指。观点二,Del Gobbo(2003)认为所有的汉语关系从句在句法和语义上都只有限定性关系从句,且和英语的关系从句是一样的,不论在显性句法中还是隐性句法中始终是中心语的附加语。de Vries()认为,NRC是中心语的同位语,所以它只能位于中心语之后,而汉语关系从句位于中心语前,所以不存在NRC。

3.关系从句的多角度研究

Keenan(1977)等人通过对五十多种语言的研究提出的一个名词短语可及性阶梯的假设,认为主语>直接宾语>间接宾语>介词宾语>属格宾语>比较宾语(这里“>”表示更容易被关系化)。不是所有语言的这些成分都能被关系化,也不是所有语言都有这些成分。唐正大(2007)提出指示词的位置与关系化对象的关系。指示词先于关系从句,即被称为关内式,关内式主要是对汉语话题或主语的关系化。若关系从句先于指示词,则是关外式,主要是对宾语的关系化。文旭、刘润清(2006)则对“关系化”作出了解释,提出关系化的产物就是关系小句或者形容词性小句并提出以往的研究只注重结构,却忽视了语义、语用、认知等因素。他试图从认知语用的角度探讨汉语关系小句的限定性与非限定性问题,并将汉语关系小句分为限定性与非限定性小句。李大勤(2001)研究汉语关系化对话题化的影响。屈承熹(2005)指出汉语关系从句在句法上没有RRC与NRC的区别,而在语义上有此区别。他认为指示词和关系从句的语序与RRC-NRC区别无关。RRC-NRC语义上的区别是因为“这”或“那”的区别所致,与关系从句本身的句法性质无关。“那”既可表示有定,又可做指示词。当“那”做指示词时,关系从句作NRC解读,当“那”表示有定时,关系从句作RRC解读;“这”只能做指示词,故关系从句只能作NRC解读。文旭、刘润清(2006)认为语义上的RRC和NRC的区别取决于说话人在心理上赋予关系从句什么样的功能,如果一个关系从句具有附带说明功能,那它就作NRC解读,反之即作RRC解读。王远国()提出了汉语可关系化的名词性成分和汉语所采用的关系化策略,即空缺策略和代词保留策略;并从汉语传统的“定心结构”中分离出汉语关系从句。刘丹青(2005)从跨方言的角度去研究汉语关系从句的标记词。蒋仁萍(2007)对交际动因在汉语关系从句中的运用做了描述。徐赳赳(2008)对汉语关系从句做了语法和篇章的分析,讨论了关系从句的结构、位置以及修饰成分的问题等。

4.汉语关系从句的第二语言习得研究

马志刚()从类型学角度调查母语不同的学习者习得汉语关系从句中心语参数重新设定的情况,指出影响二语语法构建的因素既有母语类型学特征和自然语言共享的句法挽救手段也有学习者对目标所持的心理距离。戴运财()就二语习得中的英汉关系从句习得进行了对比研究并从关系从句的中心词位置出发考察汉语关系从句的习得难度。研究结果包括:(1)汉语关系从句的习得难度顺序不符合以英语习得为基础的关系从句的习得理论假设,这是由加工策略和目的语的类型差异共同作用的结果。(2)中心词位置对汉语关系从句的习得没有产生显著的影响。(3)关系从句的类型对习得的影响是显著的。(4)中心词位置还与关系从句的类型交互作用影响二语习得。以上现象主要是由关系从句的加工策略与汉语关系从句的句法结构两个因素共同作用的结果。杨素英(2008)从汉语关系从句习得的角度提出了“零代词许可等级假设”,认为汉语关系从句的空位就是零代词,而且零代词的习得要比占位代词习得简单得多。张强和杨亦鸣(2010)利用事件相关电位技术考察了汉语主语位置的主语关系从句和宾语关系从句的加工过程,得出汉语关系从句表现出宾语关系从句的加工优势,其原因是汉语与印欧系语言在关系从句和中心语相对位置上的差异。刘涛、周统权和杨亦鸣(2011)通过对汉语关系从句的研究并依据ERP研究的相关证据得出汉语关系从句表现出主语关系从句的加工优势。冯丽萍和王亚琼(2013)对汉语关系从句的加工难度及其影响因素进行了实验研究,结果发现:在理解和产生任务中,宾语关系从句的加工难度均小于主语关系从句,表现出了同汉语母语者一样的宾语从句加工优势。

从以上学者的研究成果可以看出,汉语关系从句的研究还是比较零散的,具体的像关系从句的概念、类型,关系从句的句法是否涉及移位以及关系从句在语义上有无限定性都没有一致的观点。第二语言习得方面,研究者们偏重对主语关系从句与宾语关系从句的加工难度的实验研究以及对汉语关系从句的中心语习得难度顺序的考察。而就汉语关系从句的第二语言习得过程研究这方面并不充分。具体说来,有待研究的有:汉语关系从句标记有哪些;汉语关系从句是否涉及移位;句法语义上是否具有限定性和非限定性的区别;留学生习得各种类型的关系从句过程特点以及关系从句中显性代词和空代词的习得研究。此外将利用SPSS软件对留学生汉语关系从句的习得数据进行分析整理,从而更准确地揭示留学生汉语关系从句的习得特点。总而言之,还有很多问题需要我们进一步研究。

三、主要内容

首先,本文在国内外学者关于汉语关系从句研究的基础上,从生成语法理论观点出发研究汉语关系从句的句法语义特点,就汉语关系从句的类型、标记以及关系化等相关问题展开探讨。

其次,本文将通过对HSK动态作文语料库中母语为英语的考生作文进行搜集整理分析,并对母语为英语,目的语为汉语的留学生进行试验研究,试图发现汉语不同关系从句的习得过程与特点以及关系从句中的显性代词和空代词的习得特点,探讨留学生在汉语关系从句的习得过程中所出现的问题是否完全受母语迁移的影响以及其它可能性的影响因素。

最后,提出一系列行之有效的汉语关系从句的教学方法,为对外汉语教学提供理论支撑。

第一章 引言

1.1选题缘由和研究意义

1.2研究综述

1.2.1汉语关系从句的传统研究

1.2.2生成语法汉语关系从句研究

1.2.2.1移位与非移位说

1.2.2.2限定性与非限定性

1.2.3汉语关系从句的第二语言习得研究

1.2.4汉语关系从句的多视角研究

1.3研究目标、研究内容、研究方法

第二章 现代汉语关系从句

2.1汉语关系从句的定义

2.2汉语关系从句的关系化

2.2.1关系化的定义和产物

2.2.2关系化标记

2.2.3关系化策略

2.2.3.1代词保留策略

2.2.3.2空代词策略

2.3 汉语关系从句的分布情况

2.3.1主语关系从句的结构语义特点

2.3.2宾语关系从句的结构语义特点

2.3.2.1直接宾语关系从句

2.3.2.2间接宾语关系从句

2.3.2.3介词宾语关系从句

2.3.2.4比较宾语关系从句

2.3.3领属语关系从句的结构语义特点

2.4关系从句的显性代词的分布情况

2.5关系从句的空代词的分布情况

第三章 汉语关系从句习得的语料调查与分析

3.1调查的目的

3.2调查的对象及语料收集办法

3.3调查结果与分析

3.3.1主语关系从句、宾语关系从句和领属语关系从句的使用和偏误情况

3.3.2关系从句显性代词的使用和偏误情况

3.3.3关系从句空代词的使用和偏误情况

3.3.4调查结果的分析讨论

第四章 汉语关系从句习得的实验研究

4.1目的:主语关系从句、宾语关系从句和领属语关系从句的习得特征

4.2设计:问卷调查

4.3被试:安徽大学国际教育学院中级班、高级班留学生

4.4材料:问卷

4.5施测程序

4.6结果

4.7讨论

第五章 汉语关系从句教学

5.1汉语关系从句的教材现状及编写对策

5.2汉语关系从句课堂教学现状和教学对策

第六章 结语

6.1本文的结论

6.2研究的不足

6.3进一步研究的设想

四、研究方法

1.现代汉语语料统计分析

本文将以生成语法的约束管辖理论为指导,通过对北京大学CCL语料库中五万字现代汉语语料的考察,统计分析出现汉语关系从句的主要类型,对汉语关系从句的现象做全面的分析,为下面的习得研究打下基础。

2.HSK动态作文语料库语料统计分析

本文试图通过搜集北京语言大学HSK动态作文语料库中的50-100篇原始语料统计分析母语为英语的学生汉语关系从句习得的阶段性特征与发展规律,如果需要更多的语料补充,再从安徽大学国际教育学院的学生作业中搜集。现在仅做一个小范围的调查研究以证明研究的可行性。从中选取了母语背景为英语的作文31篇。经过整理,我们采用其中31条有效例句作为对比分析的参考样本,这31条例句分别来自31篇作文。在考察中发现,证书等级基本都是无证和C证,无证有11条有效例句,C证有9条有效例句,A证有5条,B证有6条。我们把无证暂定为习得的零起点水平阶段,C证暂定为习得的初级水平阶段,B证暂定为习得的中级阶段,A证暂定为习得高级阶段。这次小范围的调查结果如下图所示:

表1 关系从句的分布情况

证书级别 A证 B证 C证 无证 总计

个数 5个 6个 9个 11个 31个

表2主语关系从句和宾语关系从句的分布情况

证书级别 A证 B证 C证 无证

主语关系从句 1条 3条 4条 7条

宾语关系从句 4条 3条 3条 6条

总计 5条 6条 7条 13条

3.实验研究

主要的想法是对母语为英语的留学生发放问卷调查,进行纸笔测试。要求被试在无教师指导的条件下,阅读调查表中的20道改错题和选择题。问卷包括被测试者个人信息部分和题目部分,并采用统计学SPSS软件分析调查结果,以期得到完整全面的结论。以下是部分样题:

姓名(name):

国籍(nationality):

母语(native language):

学习汉语多长时间(Length of time that you have learnt Chinese):

汉语水平(Chinese level):

一、改错题。下面的汉语短语和句子可能有错误,请在你认为是错的句子后面进行改正。

1.它在街上乱跑的野狗。( )

2.你比他高一点的那个小伙子。( )

3.我送妈妈的那个礼物。( )

4.他姐是我女朋友的那个男孩。( )

5.学生替他理发的老人。( )

6.我送一本书的那个朋友。( )

二、选择题。请在下面4个可能的答案中,选择一个你认为最合适的句子,答案填在后面( )中

1.元旦晚会上,同学们玩得都很高兴。 受到了很多老师的表扬。( )

A.她跳舞好看的同学

B那个跳舞好看的同学

2.体育课上, 跑得很快。( )

A.那个人比我个子高的

B.那个比我高一头的人

3.商场里,小明告诉朋友:“ 在那里。”( )

A.他姐是我女朋友的那个男孩。

B.姐姐是我女朋友的那个男孩。

4.放假了,同学们要告别了。玛丽对杰夫说:“ 已经回家了。”( )

A.我最想念他的同学

B.我最想念他的那个同学

5.我最喜欢的是 。( )

A.那个送过我一本书的男生。

B.那个男生送给我一本书。

6.大学生小文一直乐于助人,同学都知道 已经80岁了。( )

A.小文替他理发的那个老人

B.小文替老人理发的他

五、研究进度

1.开题阶段:20XX年12月至20XX年3月19日。收集相关资料,思考写作方法,撰写开题报告。

2.初期阶段:20XX年4月至20XX年7月,对学生进行调查问卷及试题测试。

3.中期阶段:20XX年7月至20XX年1月,对调查问卷及测试题进行数据统计与分析,于7月底前撰写并提交论文初稿。

4.完成阶段:20XX年2月至20XX年3月,根据指导老师的修改意见反复修改,并在3月底前提交论文定稿。

主要参考文献:

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[2]Chao, Y. R. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese [M].Berkeley: University of California Press,1968.

[3]Chiu, B. The Inflectional structure of Mandarin Chinese[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.Los Angeles: University of Carlifornia.1993.

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[5]de vries,M.The Syntax of appositive relativization: On specifying coordination, false free relatives,and promotion[D].Linguistic Inquiry37:229-270

[6]Huang, C.-T. J Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar [M]. NewYork: Garland, 1982/1998.

[7]Keenan E, Comrie B. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar[J].Linguistic Inquiry,1977,8.

[8]Ning, C.Y. (宁春岩) The Overt Syntax of Relativization and Topicalization in Chinese [D].Irvine, University of California, California, 1993.

[9] Roger Hawkins ,Cecilia Yuet-hung Chan, The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: Second Language Research[M] 13,3 (1997); pp. 187–226

[10]Liejiong, Xu. Are they parasitic gaps? [A]. In Mascaro, J. & Nesper, M. (eds). Grammar in Progress [C].Dordrecht: Foris, 1990: 455-461.

[11]HSK动态作文语料库,北京语言大学,nlp.blcu.edu.cn/online-systems/hsk-language-lib-indexing-system.html

[12]陈琪.空语类与省略的“空缺”辨析[J].牡丹江大学学报,2010,3.

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[14]戴运财.二语习得中英汉关系从句习得的对比研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2010,3.

[15]方梅.汉语口语后置关系从句研究[J].《庆祝<中国语文>创刊五十周年学术论文集》[C].北京:商务印书馆,2004

[16]冯丽萍、王亚琼.英语母语者汉语关系从句的加工难度及其制约因素研究[J].语言教学与

[17]高明乐,郭羡庭.从空语类看汉语和英语的不同语法点[J].外语研究,2003.

[18]胡建华.英、汉语空语类的分类、分布与所指比较研究[J].上海外国语大学学报,1997,5.

[19]蒋仁萍.汉语关系小句的类型学特征与交际动因的运用[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2007,3.

[20]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].商务印书馆,1924.

[21]李大勤.“关系化”对“话题化”的影响——汉语话题结构个案分析[J].当代语言学,2001,2.

[22]李京廉.刘娟.汉语的限定与非限定研究[J].汉语学习,2005,2.

[23]李勤.汉语不同句式中的空语类探析[J].北方论丛,2005.

[24]李艳惠.空语类理论和汉语空语类的辨识与指称研究[J].语言科学,2007,3.

[25]梁丽.空主语PRO与主语省略的辨析[J].现代语文(语言研究版),2008.

[26]刘丹青.汉语关系从句标记类型初探[J].中国语文,2005,1.

[27]刘丹青.语法调查与研究中的从属小句问题[J].当代语言学,2005,3.

[28]刘涛,周统权,杨亦鸣.主语关系从句加工优势的普遍性——来自汉语关系从句ERP研究的证据[J].语言科学,2011,1.

[29]吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].商务印书馆,1979.

[30]吕叔湘.吕叔湘文集(第一卷)——中国文法要略[M].商务印书馆,1990.

[31]马艳红.空语类PRO的控制因素[J].内江科技,2007,1.

[32]马志刚.汉语关系从句的二语习得的实证研究[J].汉语学习,2012,2.

[33]屈承熹,汉语认知功能语法[M].黑龙江:黑龙江人民出版社,2005.

[34]饶苹.空语类PRO在英汉语中的照应特征[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004,4.

[35]饶苹.空语类PRO在英汉语中的照应特征[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004,4.

[36]沈阳,顾阳,何元建.生成语法理论与汉语语法研究[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,2001.

[37]沈阳.现代汉语空语类研究[M].山东教育出版社,1994.

[38]石毓智.汉语的限定动词和非限定动词之别[J].世界汉语教学,2001,2.

[39]孙小霞,成晓光.汉语关系从句加工研究现状和展望[J].东北师范大学学报,2011,5.

[40]唐正大.关系化对象和关系从句的位置——基于真实语料和类型分析[J].当代语言学,

[41]王建勤.汉语作为第二语言的学习者习得过程研究[M].商务印书馆,2006.

[42]王远国.关系化和关系化从句[J].盐城师范学院学报,2011,3.

[43]文旭、刘润清.汉语关系小句的认知语用观[J].现代外语,2006,2.

[44]徐赳赳.关系小句的语法和篇章特征的分析[J],汉语学习,2008,,5

[45]杨彩梅.对汉语关系从句的两种句法分析[J].中国外语,2006,3.

[46]杨彩梅.界定关系从句限定性—与非限定性句法区别的形式手段[J].外语教学与研究2011,6.

[47]杨彩梅.英、汉语中的关系化都是移动的结果吗?[J].外语教学与研究,2008,1.

[48]杨彩梅.英汉关系结构的合格条件[J].语言科学,2013,7.

[49]杨素英.汉语定语从句的习得及“零代词”许可等级及假设[C].第九届国际汉语教学研讨会论文选,2008.

[50]袁毓林.句法空位和成分提取[J].汉语学习,1994,3.

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[52]朱德熙.“的”字结构和判断句[J].中国语文,1978,1.

[53]朱德熙.现代汉语语法研究[M].商务印书馆,1980.

[54]朱德熙.语法讲义[M].商务印书馆,1982.

篇4:语言学专业硕士论文开题报告

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere 。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as 1992, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 1992:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 1995: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

The translator should pay attention to avoid leading ambiguity and interpretingwithout real understanding; 2) social and cultural equivalence. Translation is to introduce foreign culture. Due to the restriction of cultural differences and languageform, there is rarely a pair of words between English and Chinese, so the social andcultural factors should be considered in the translation equivalence. Strong culturalcolor of idioms, allusions, such as proper nouns in the translation should be adjusted,translate its true meaning; 3) the stylistic equivalence. One of the translation task isto reproduce the original style and literary style, keep the spirit and the form of theoriginal (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。 By contrast, other equivalence theory researchers are morevalued function equivalence. They think advertising translation should be followedby the equivalent principle on the basis of functional equivalence, and notconstrained by the original text expression (苏淑惠 :51-56)。

Some researchers point out that the aesthetic factors play a significant role incommercial advertising. Studies show that if there are connotation aesthetics andlanguage aesthetics, the advertising will be successful. Connotation aestheticsinclude the beauty of artistic conception, image, emotion and culture; languageaesthetics include the beauty of concise, word, sentence, phonology and rhetoric. Sotranslation should reproduce the original beauty, and extend when necessary, makethe translation have the same publicity effect with the original text ( 汪文格:86-89)。 They think that successful advertising is art fused of aesthetics,linguistics and psychology. In cross-cultural communication, when the literalmeaning and aesthetic feeling of advertising conflicts, the translator should abandonform, and reproduce the aesthetic feeling to strengthen its charisma and allure,achieve communicative effect. So advertising translation should adhere to theprinciple of dialectical unification of loyal and creative, organic combination ofequivalent and aesthetics (唐艳芳 2003:112-116)。

Some researchers argue that advertising communication task restricts the choiceof language. Advertising style brings out concise and implicit characteristics.

Creative advertising language and translation should show the characteristics in theaspects of words, grammar, and rhetoric and culture psychology. Perform goodstheme accurately, make the audience psychological resonance and have a buyingdesire (谢建平2002:37-40)。

The doctrine is not opposed to each other. They were essentially complementedeach other and fusion of each other. If advertising translation cannot be promotional, it will not be adopted. David Ogilvy said that advertising is not a kind of art form. Hedidn't want to hear others praise his advertising how creative. He just hopes it canattract people to purchase goods (David Ogilvy 2003)。

Since the early 90s, discussion about advertising translation methods appearedin foreign language periodicals, such as Chinese Translation. Li Xiangde points outthat four words phrase translations from Chinese into English can adopt threemethods: Literal translation, free translation and rhetorical translation. Literaltranslation is a corresponding structure. Free translation makes a little ellipsis,supplemented or sequential adjustment with the original text. Rhetoric translationusing rhetoric methods to make advertising language more vivid and attractive toconsumers (李祥德 1990:13-16)。

篇5:语言学类硕士论文开题报告

语言学类硕士论文开题报告

开题报告的内容一般包括:题目、理论依据(毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状)、研究方案(研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点)、条件分析(仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置)、课题负责人、起止时间、报告提纲等。下面给大家分享一个模板,大家可以更直观的看到论文开题报告的样子。希望这份论文开题报告对你有所帮助。

论文题目:********翻译上的应用

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley ()。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as 1992, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 1992:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 1995: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发2002: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

The translator should pay attention to avoid leading ambiguity and interpretingwithout real understanding; 2) social and cultural equivalence. Translation is to introduce foreign culture. Due to the restriction of cultural differences and languageform, there is rarely a pair of words between English and Chinese, so the social andcultural factors should be considered in the translation equivalence. Strong culturalcolor of idioms, allusions, such as proper nouns in the translation should be adjusted,translate its true meaning; 3) the stylistic equivalence. One of the translation task isto reproduce the original style and literary style, keep the spirit and the form of theoriginal (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。 By contrast, other equivalence theory researchers are morevalued function equivalence. They think advertising translation should be followedby the equivalent principle on the basis of functional equivalence, and notconstrained by the original text expression (苏淑惠 1996:51-56)。

Some researchers point out that the aesthetic factors play a significant role incommercial advertising. Studies show that if there are connotation aesthetics andlanguage aesthetics, the advertising will be successful. Connotation aestheticsinclude the beauty of artistic conception, image, emotion and culture; languageaesthetics include the beauty of concise, word, sentence, phonology and rhetoric. Sotranslation should reproduce the original beauty, and extend when necessary, makethe translation have the same publicity effect with the original text ( 汪文格1999:86-89)。 They think that successful advertising is art fused of aesthetics,linguistics and psychology. In cross-cultural communication, when the literalmeaning and aesthetic feeling of advertising conflicts, the translator should abandonform, and reproduce the aesthetic feeling to strengthen its charisma and allure,achieve communicative effect. So advertising translation should adhere to theprinciple of dialectical unification of loyal and creative, organic combination ofequivalent and aesthetics (唐艳芳 :112-116)。

Some researchers argue that advertising communication task restricts the choiceof language. Advertising style brings out concise and implicit characteristics.

Creative advertising language and translation should show the characteristics in theaspects of words, grammar, and rhetoric and culture psychology. Perform goodstheme accurately, make the audience psychological resonance and have a buyingdesire (谢建平2002:37-40)。

The doctrine is not opposed to each other. They were essentially complementedeach other and fusion of each other. If advertising translation cannot be promotional, it will not be adopted. David Ogilvy said that advertising is not a kind of art form. Hedidn't want to hear others praise his advertising how creative. He just hopes it canattract people to purchase goods (David Ogilvy 2003)。

Since the early 90s, discussion about advertising translation methods appearedin foreign language periodicals, such as Chinese Translation. Li Xiangde points outthat four words phrase translations from Chinese into English can adopt threemethods: Literal translation, free translation and rhetorical translation. Literaltranslation is a corresponding structure. Free translation makes a little ellipsis,supplemented or sequential adjustment with the original text. Rhetoric translationusing rhetoric methods to make advertising language more vivid and attractive toconsumers (李祥德 1990:13-16)。

Jiang Lei summed up that there are four ways of advertising translation. Theyare literal translation, liberal translation, modeling translation and translation. Literaltranslation refers to retain the original text characteristics from content to culture.

Free translation refers to keep content and abandon the translation form. Modelingtranslation directly uses ready-made advertising formulas which are corresponding tothe original form. Translation means in accordance with the target language habits,translate from the angle of view, the actual situation and image (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。

Yang Quan Hong's article in science and technology of China points out thatdue to the particularity of international advertising, the translation should be differentfrom the traditional translation. As the supplement of routine advertising translation,the author put forward interpretation translation, namely, in order to adapt to thedestination market, recreate in target language against its original shape.

Interpretation translation helps across barriers in worldwide advertising translation,and it is conducive to make full use of its advantages in language translation (杨全红:16-19)。

Meng Lin and Zhan Jinghui analyze the types of puns in advertising, namely,homophonic puns, semantic puns, grammatical puns and idioms or colloquialismspun. They put forward the five kinds of punning translation (孟琳、詹晶辉 2001:48-51)。

In advertising translation, trademark translation is an important part. In terms ofits principle, researchers are generally recognized that it should be concise and vividas. Brevity is intended to facilitate the recognition memory. Vividness is to keep the brand image, maintain consistency of the global image. Two points are decided bythe inherent requirement of trademark function. According to the principle ofaesthetics, Hu Kaibao and Chen Zai Quan point out that the trademark translationshould be having popular beauty, simple beauty, strange beauty, rhyme beauty andartistic conception. Making trademark translation has affinity, arouse consumersdream, enhance their desire (胡开宝、陈在权 2000:51-53)。

Li Kexing summarizes Hong Kong enterprise and brand name translationprinciples and methods, proposes that from the perspective of a large number ofestablished translation, translator pursues four principles: considering both of soundand meaning; transliteration; avoid using ordinary common words (because thetrademark translation takes ordinary vocabulary exacerbate Chinese phenomenon ofpolysemy, negative social communication); avoid cultural taboos.

Jiang Lei from the perspective of social pragmatics, in view of theChinese-English cultural differences caused by the pragmatic failures in trademarktranslation, Jiang Lei puts forward five pragmatic translation strategies: 1.Highlightthe expressive function of a trademark; Show the national culture and seize theassociative meaning; 3.Picked up the auspicious beg, cater to consumer psychology;4.Cut accurate market positioning and pursuit of new business concepts; 5.Payattention to the cultural empathy and conform to the aesthetic psychological (蒋磊2002:52-56)。 This paper is full of examples. Jiang emphasizes the importance ofbrand translation in the cross-cultural barriers.

3、参考文献

David Ogilvy,(2003),《奥格威谈广告》。北京:机械工业出版社。

Guidere, Mathieu. Translation Practices in International Advertising. TranslationJournal, 2001(5)Gutt, Ernst-August. (2001)。 Translation and Relevance-Cognition and Context.

Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Hurbin, Pieerr. (1972)。 Peut-on traduire la Langue de la Publicé (Can One Translatethe Language of Advertisement)。 Babel: International Journal of Translation.

Leech, Geoffrey. (1974)。 Semantics. London: Longman Group.

Munday, Jeremy. (2001)。 Introducing Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.

Nord, Christine. (2001)。 Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai ForeignLanguage Educaiton Press.

Reiss, Katharina. ()。 Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Seguinot, Candace. (1995) Translation and Advertising: Going Global in CulturalFunctions of Translation. In Schaffner, C., Kelly-Holmes, H. (Eds.), CulturalFunctions of Translation. Multilingual Matters.

Smith, V. and C. Klein-Braley. (1997)。 Advertising: A five-stage strategy fortranslation. In C. Nord et al. (Eds), Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Samovar, Larry A. Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani. ()。 CommunicationBetween Culture 3rded. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress.

Schiffman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar. (2001)。 Consumer Behavior. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.

Hance J. Vemeer. ()。 Skopos and Commission in Translational Action. In Venuti,L. The Translation Studies Reader. (pp.227-238)。 New York and London:Routledge.

曹顺发,(2002),广告用语的翻译,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 43-45页。

丁树德,(1995),产品广告的英译应简洁,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 44-45页。

郭可,(1992),英语新闻与广告写作,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 59-66 页。

胡开宝、陈在权,(2000),商标名称的`美学特征与英语商品名称的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 51-53 页。

蒋磊,(1994),谈商业广告的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 40-43 页。

蒋磊,(2002),文化差异与商标翻译的语用失误,《中国科技翻译》,第 3期,第 52-56 页。

黎凡,(1992),谈广告翻译的变通,《中国翻译》,第 2 期,第 29-31 页。

李克兴,(),《广告翻译理论与实践》。北京:北京大学出版社。

李祥德,(1990),广告中四字词组的英译法,《中国翻译》,第 3 期,第 13-16页。

孟琳、詹晶辉,(2001),英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 49-52 页。

苏淑惠,(1996),广告英语的文体功能和翻译标准,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 51-56 页。

唐艳芳,(2003),谈广告翻译的美学策略,《浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,第 2 期,第 112-116 页。

汪文格,(1999),谈商业文字翻译中美的再现与拓展,《湖南大学学报(社会科学版),第 S1 期,第 87-90 页。

王贞霞,(),论广告英语的翻译技巧,《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版)》,第 32 卷第 4 期,第 123-125 页。

谢建平,(2002),含蓄--广告语言创意及翻译中的特色标记,《中国科技翻译》,第 2 期,第 37-40 页。

杨全红,(2000),译者,绎也--试探国际广告的非常规翻译法,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 18-21 页。

张沉香,(2007),功能目的理论与应用翻译研究。长沙:湖南师范大学出版社。

赵静, (1993),广告英语。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

4、论文提纲

Chapter One provides a brief background on the study. It introduces and explains the necessity of the study.

Chapter Two reviews relevant research related to advertising translation. Itintroduces the related research studies of advertising translation in China and west.

Chapter Three presents the theoretical framework which is the fundamentaltheoretical guidance of the thesis. It reviews the background and the development ofthe Skopos theory, and introduces three principles of the Skopos theory: the Skoposrule, the coherence rule and fidelity rule.

Chapter Four introduces gives a general introduction of advertising and majorlanguage features of English advertising.

Chapter Five expounds and proves the applicability of the Skopos theory toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation and explores specific translation strategies toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation under the guidance of the Skopos theory.

Chapter Six is conclusion of the entire thesis. Through the above analysis andresearch, this thesis concludes that on the basis of the Skopos theory,English-Chinese translation can be effectively guided. Meanwhile, the thesis alsopoints out the shortages of the study.

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容

Skopos Theory

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题

there are some analyses or comments in the thesis which may not beprofound because of limitation of advertising knowledge and practical workingexperience in the advertising field. However, in the future, more efforts will be madeto probe into the topic of advertising translation.

7、预期的结果

Meanwhile, English advertising is different from other literary translation. English advertising has its particular purpose and unique rhetorical features. To makethe target readers or consumers feel the charm of the source text, and finally promotethe goal of sale, translator should use flexible translation according to the differentrhetoric characteristics.

8、论文写作进度安排(略)

篇6:语言学类硕士论文开题报告

语言学类硕士论文开题报告范例

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere 。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as 1992, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 1992:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 1995: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

The translator should pay attention to avoid leading ambiguity and interpretingwithout real understanding; 2) social and cultural equivalence. Translation is to introduce foreign culture. Due to the restriction of cultural differences and languageform, there is rarely a pair of words between English and Chinese, so the social andcultural factors should be considered in the translation equivalence. Strong culturalcolor of idioms, allusions, such as proper nouns in the translation should be adjusted,translate its true meaning; 3) the stylistic equivalence. One of the translation task isto reproduce the original style and literary style, keep the spirit and the form of theoriginal (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。 By contrast, other equivalence theory researchers are morevalued function equivalence. They think advertising translation should be followedby the equivalent principle on the basis of functional equivalence, and notconstrained by the original text expression (苏淑惠 :51-56)。

Some researchers point out that the aesthetic factors play a significant role incommercial advertising. Studies show that if there are connotation aesthetics andlanguage aesthetics, the advertising will be successful. Connotation aestheticsinclude the beauty of artistic conception, image, emotion and culture; languageaesthetics include the beauty of concise, word, sentence, phonology and rhetoric. Sotranslation should reproduce the original beauty, and extend when necessary, makethe translation have the same publicity effect with the original text ( 汪文格:86-89)。 They think that successful advertising is art fused of aesthetics,linguistics and psychology. In cross-cultural communication, when the literalmeaning and aesthetic feeling of advertising conflicts, the translator should abandonform, and reproduce the aesthetic feeling to strengthen its charisma and allure,achieve communicative effect. So advertising translation should adhere to theprinciple of dialectical unification of loyal and creative, organic combination ofequivalent and aesthetics (唐艳芳 2003:112-116)。

Some researchers argue that advertising communication task restricts the choiceof language. Advertising style brings out concise and implicit characteristics.

Creative advertising language and translation should show the characteristics in theaspects of words, grammar, and rhetoric and culture psychology. Perform goodstheme accurately, make the audience psychological resonance and have a buyingdesire (谢建平2002:37-40)。

The doctrine is not opposed to each other. They were essentially complementedeach other and fusion of each other. If advertising translation cannot be promotional, it will not be adopted. David Ogilvy said that advertising is not a kind of art form. Hedidn't want to hear others praise his advertising how creative. He just hopes it canattract people to purchase goods (David Ogilvy 2003)。

Since the early 90s, discussion about advertising translation methods appearedin foreign language periodicals, such as Chinese Translation. Li Xiangde points outthat four words phrase translations from Chinese into English can adopt threemethods: Literal translation, free translation and rhetorical translation. Literaltranslation is a corresponding structure. Free translation makes a little ellipsis,supplemented or sequential adjustment with the original text. Rhetoric translationusing rhetoric methods to make advertising language more vivid and attractive toconsumers (李祥德 1990:13-16)。

Jiang Lei summed up that there are four ways of advertising translation. Theyare literal translation, liberal translation, modeling translation and translation. Literaltranslation refers to retain the original text characteristics from content to culture.

Free translation refers to keep content and abandon the translation form. Modelingtranslation directly uses ready-made advertising formulas which are corresponding tothe original form. Translation means in accordance with the target language habits,translate from the angle of view, the actual situation and image (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。

Yang Quan Hong's article in science and technology of China points out thatdue to the particularity of international advertising, the translation should be differentfrom the traditional translation. As the supplement of routine advertising translation,the author put forward interpretation translation, namely, in order to adapt to thedestination market, recreate in target language against its original shape.

Interpretation translation helps across barriers in worldwide advertising translation,and it is conducive to make full use of its advantages in language translation (杨全红2000:16-19)。

Meng Lin and Zhan Jinghui analyze the types of puns in advertising, namely,homophonic puns, semantic puns, grammatical puns and idioms or colloquialismspun. They put forward the five kinds of punning translation (孟琳、詹晶辉 2001:48-51)。

In advertising translation, trademark translation is an important part. In terms ofits principle, researchers are generally recognized that it should be concise and vividas. Brevity is intended to facilitate the recognition memory. Vividness is to keep the brand image, maintain consistency of the global image. Two points are decided bythe inherent requirement of trademark function. According to the principle ofaesthetics, Hu Kaibao and Chen Zai Quan point out that the trademark translationshould be having popular beauty, simple beauty, strange beauty, rhyme beauty andartistic conception. Making trademark translation has affinity, arouse consumersdream, enhance their desire (胡开宝、陈在权 2000:51-53)。

Li Kexing summarizes Hong Kong enterprise and brand name translationprinciples and methods, proposes that from the perspective of a large number ofestablished translation, translator pursues four principles: considering both of soundand meaning; transliteration; avoid using ordinary common words (because thetrademark translation takes ordinary vocabulary exacerbate Chinese phenomenon ofpolysemy, negative social communication); avoid cultural taboos.

Jiang Lei from the perspective of social pragmatics, in view of theChinese-English cultural differences caused by the pragmatic failures in trademarktranslation, Jiang Lei puts forward five pragmatic translation strategies: 1.Highlightthe expressive function of a trademark; Show the national culture and seize theassociative meaning; 3.Picked up the auspicious beg, cater to consumer psychology;4.Cut accurate market positioning and pursuit of new business concepts; 5.Payattention to the cultural empathy and conform to the aesthetic psychological (蒋磊2002:52-56)。 This paper is full of examples. Jiang emphasizes the importance ofbrand translation in the cross-cultural barriers.

3、参考文献

David Ogilvy,(2003),《奥格威谈广告》。北京:机械工业出版社。

Guidere, Mathieu. Translation Practices in International Advertising. TranslationJournal, 2001(5)Gutt, Ernst-August. (2001)。 Translation and Relevance-Cognition and Context.

Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Hurbin, Pieerr. (1972)。 Peut-on traduire la Langue de la Publicé (Can One Translatethe Language of Advertisement)。 Babel: International Journal of Translation.

Leech, Geoffrey. (1974)。 Semantics. London: Longman Group.

Munday, Jeremy. (2001)。 Introducing Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.

Nord, Christine. (2001)。 Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai ForeignLanguage Educaiton Press.

Reiss, Katharina. (2005)。 Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Seguinot, Candace. (1995) Translation and Advertising: Going Global in CulturalFunctions of Translation. In Schaffner, C., Kelly-Holmes, H. (Eds.), CulturalFunctions of Translation. Multilingual Matters.

Smith, V. and C. Klein-Braley. (1997)。 Advertising: A five-stage strategy fortranslation. In C. Nord et al. (Eds), Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Samovar, Larry A. Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani. (2007)。 CommunicationBetween Culture 3rded. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress.

Schiffman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar. (2001)。 Consumer Behavior. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.

Hance J. Vemeer. (2004)。 Skopos and Commission in Translational Action. In Venuti,L. The Translation Studies Reader. (pp.227-238)。 New York and London:Routledge.

曹顺发,(2002),广告用语的翻译,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 43-45页。

丁树德,(1995),产品广告的英译应简洁,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 44-45页。

郭可,(1992),英语新闻与广告写作,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 59-66 页。

胡开宝、陈在权,(2000),商标名称的美学特征与英语商品名称的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 51-53 页。

蒋磊,(1994),谈商业广告的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 40-43 页。

蒋磊,(2002),文化差异与商标翻译的语用失误,《中国科技翻译》,第 3期,第 52-56 页。

黎凡,(1992),谈广告翻译的'变通,《中国翻译》,第 2 期,第 29-31 页。

李克兴,(2010),《广告翻译理论与实践》。北京:北京大学出版社。

李祥德,(1990),广告中四字词组的英译法,《中国翻译》,第 3 期,第 13-16页。

孟琳、詹晶辉,(2001),英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 49-52 页。

苏淑惠,(1996),广告英语的文体功能和翻译标准,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 51-56 页。

唐艳芳,(2003),谈广告翻译的美学策略,《浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,第 2 期,第 112-116 页。

汪文格,(1999),谈商业文字翻译中美的再现与拓展,《湖南大学学报(社会科学版),第 S1 期,第 87-90 页。

王贞霞,(2013),论广告英语的翻译技巧,《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版)》,第 32 卷第 4 期,第 123-125 页。

谢建平,(2002),含蓄--广告语言创意及翻译中的特色标记,《中国科技翻译》,第 2 期,第 37-40 页。

杨全红,(2000),译者,绎也--试探国际广告的非常规翻译法,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 18-21 页。

张沉香,(2007),功能目的理论与应用翻译研究。长沙:湖南师范大学出版社。

赵静, (1993),广告英语。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

4、论文提纲

Chapter One provides a brief background on the study. It introduces and explains the necessity of the study.

Chapter Two reviews relevant research related to advertising translation. Itintroduces the related research studies of advertising translation in China and west.

Chapter Three presents the theoretical framework which is the fundamentaltheoretical guidance of the thesis. It reviews the background and the development ofthe Skopos theory, and introduces three principles of the Skopos theory: the Skoposrule, the coherence rule and fidelity rule.

Chapter Four introduces gives a general introduction of advertising and majorlanguage features of English advertising.

Chapter Five expounds and proves the applicability of the Skopos theory toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation and explores specific translation strategies toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation under the guidance of the Skopos theory.

Chapter Six is conclusion of the entire thesis. Through the above analysis andresearch, this thesis concludes that on the basis of the Skopos theory,English-Chinese translation can be effectively guided. Meanwhile, the thesis alsopoints out the shortages of the study.

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容

Skopos Theory

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题

there are some analyses or comments in the thesis which may not beprofound because of limitation of advertising knowledge and practical workingexperience in the advertising field. However, in the future, more efforts will be madeto probe into the topic of advertising translation.

7、预期的结果

Meanwhile, English advertising is different from other literary translation. English advertising has its particular purpose and unique rhetorical features. To makethe target readers or consumers feel the charm of the source text, and finally promotethe goal of sale, translator should use flexible translation according to the differentrhetoric characteristics.

8、论文写作进度安排

(一)准备阶段

1.20XX年12月10日至20XX年1月8日,查阅收集文献资料,确定论题,准备开题报告。

2.20XX年1月9日至2月17日,进一步修正研究目标、内容和方法,完成开题报告。

3.20XX年1月18日至3月1日,进一步查阅文献,在网上开展问卷调查,收集资料,为论文写作做准备。

(二)写作阶段

1.20XX年3月2日至3月9日,整理文献资料和数据。

2.20XX年3月10日至3月31日,撰写论文初稿。

3.20XX年4月1日至4月21日,提交论文初稿,并根据指导教师意见修改论文初稿和二、三稿。

4.20XX年4月22日至4月25日,论文定稿、打印、送审,准备论文答辩。

(三)答辩阶段

论文答辩的具体时间由系确定。

篇7:语言学翻译方向硕士论文开题报告

语言学翻译方向硕士论文开题报告

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information has penetrated into many aspects of social life andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action that is the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline meanwhile linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text there are several translations and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith Klein-Braley ()。 In this article they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects such as textlanguage beauty consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising such as therhetorical devices emotional transmission brand image and trademark reproduction etc. In terms of research methods domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless in recent years researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as 1992 Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original boldly innovate and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising if not alternative it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 1992:29-31)。 At the same time researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements flexible translation seems to be theonly way especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression attract more readers' attention facilitatereaders recognize and remember advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple namely “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis product characteristics while English advertising is simple words mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compactstrengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating considering the overall rhetorical but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words but it is impressive(丁树德 1995: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simplethe translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发2002: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic social and cultural and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter in order to achieve the semantic equivalence the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

The translator should pay attention to avoid leading ambiguity and interpretingwithout real understanding; 2) social and cultural equivalence. Translation is to introduce foreign culture. Due to the restriction of cultural differences and languageform there is rarely a pair of words between English and Chinese so the social andcultural factors should be considered in the translation equivalence. Strong culturalcolor of idioms allusions such as proper nouns in the translation should be adjustedtranslate its true meaning; 3) the stylistic equivalence. One of the translation task isto reproduce the original style and literary style keep the spirit and the form of theoriginal (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。 By contrast other equivalence theory researchers are morevalued function equivalence. They think advertising translation should be followedby the equivalent principle on the basis of functional equivalence and notconstrained by the original text expression (苏淑惠 1996:51-56)。

Some researchers point out that the aesthetic factors play a significant role incommercial advertising. Studies show that if there are connotation aesthetics andlanguage aesthetics the advertising will be successful. Connotation aestheticsinclude the beauty of artistic conception image emotion and culture; languageaesthetics include the beauty of concise word sentence phonology and rhetoric. Sotranslation should reproduce the original beauty and extend when necessary makethe translation have the same publicity effect with the original text ( 汪文格1999:86-89)。 They think that successful advertising is art fused of aestheticslinguistics and psychology. In cross-cultural communication when the literalmeaning and aesthetic feeling of advertising conflicts the translator should abandonform and reproduce the aesthetic feeling to strengthen its charisma and allureachieve communicative effect. So advertising translation should adhere to theprinciple of dialectical unification of loyal and creative organic combination ofequivalent and aesthetics (唐艳芳 :112-116)。

Some researchers argue that advertising communication task restricts the choiceof language. Advertising style brings out concise and implicit characteristics.

Creative advertising language and translation should show the characteristics in theaspects of words grammar and rhetoric and culture psychology. Perform goodstheme accurately make the audience psychological resonance and have a buyingdesire (谢建平2002:37-40)。

The doctrine is not opposed to each other. They were essentially complementedeach other and fusion of each other. If advertising translation cannot be promotional it will not be adopted. David Ogilvy said that advertising is not a kind of art form. Hedidn't want to hear others praise his advertising how creative. He just hopes it canattract people to purchase goods (David Ogilvy 2003)。

Since the early 90s discussion about advertising translation methods appearedin foreign language periodicals such as Chinese Translation. Li Xiangde points outthat four words phrase translations from Chinese into English can adopt threemethods: Literal translation free translation and rhetorical translation. Literaltranslation is a corresponding structure. Free translation makes a little ellipsissupplemented or sequential adjustment with the original text. Rhetoric translationusing rhetoric methods to make advertising language more vivid and attractive toconsumers (李祥德 1990:13-16)。

Jiang Lei summed up that there are four ways of advertising translation. Theyare literal translation liberal translation modeling translation and translation. Literaltranslation refers to retain the original text characteristics from content to culture.

Free translation refers to keep content and abandon the translation form. Modelingtranslation directly uses ready-made advertising formulas which are corresponding tothe original form. Translation means in accordance with the target language habitstranslate from the angle of view the actual situation and image (蒋磊 1994:38-41)。

Yang Quan Hong's article in science and technology of China points out thatdue to the particularity of international advertising the translation should be differentfrom the traditional translation. As the supplement of routine advertising translationthe author put forward interpretation translation namely in order to adapt to thedestination market recreate in target language against its original shape.

Interpretation translation helps across barriers in worldwide advertising translationand it is conducive to make full use of its advantages in language translation (杨全红:16-19)。

Meng Lin and Zhan Jinghui analyze the types of puns in advertising namelyhomophonic puns semantic puns grammatical puns and idioms or colloquialismspun. They put forward the five kinds of punning translation (孟琳、詹晶辉 2001:48-51)。

In advertising translation trademark translation is an important part. In terms ofits principle researchers are generally recognized that it should be concise and vividas. Brevity is intended to facilitate the recognition memory. Vividness is to keep the brand image maintain consistency of the global image. Two points are decided bythe inherent requirement of trademark function. According to the principle ofaesthetics Hu Kaibao and Chen Zai Quan point out that the trademark translationshould be having popular beauty simple beauty strange beauty rhyme beauty andartistic conception. Making trademark translation has affinity arouse consumersdream enhance their desire (胡开宝、陈在权 2000:51-53)。

Li Kexing summarizes Hong Kong enterprise and brand name translationprinciples and methods proposes that from the perspective of a large number ofestablished translation translator pursues four principles: considering both of soundand meaning; transliteration; avoid using ordinary common words (because thetrademark translation takes ordinary vocabulary exacerbate Chinese phenomenon ofpolysemy negative social communication); avoid cultural taboos.

Jiang Lei from the perspective of social pragmatics in view of theChinese-English cultural differences caused by the pragmatic failures in trademarktranslation Jiang Lei puts forward five pragmatic translation strategies: 1.Highlightthe expressive function of a trademark; Show the national culture and seize theassociative meaning; 3.Picked up the auspicious beg cater to consumer psychology;4.Cut accurate market positioning and pursuit of new business concepts; 5.Payattention to the cultural empathy and conform to the aesthetic psychological (蒋磊2002:52-56)。 This paper is full of examples. Jiang emphasizes the importance ofbrand translation in the cross-cultural barriers.

3、参考文献

David Ogilvy(2003),《奥格威谈广告》。北京:机械工业出版社。

Guidere Mathieu. Translation Practices in International Advertising. TranslationJournal 2001(5)Gutt Ernst-August. (2001)。 Translation and Relevance-Cognition and Context.

Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Hurbin Pieerr. (1972)。 Peut-on traduire la Langue de la Publicé (Can One Translatethe Language of Advertisement)。 Babel: International Journal of Translation.

Leech Geoffrey. (1974)。 Semantics. London: Longman Group.

Munday Jeremy. (2001)。 Introducing Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.

Nord Christine. (2001)。 Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai ForeignLanguage Educaiton Press.

Reiss Katharina. ()。 Translation Criticism: The Potentials Limitations.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educaiton Press.

Seguinot Candace. (1995) Translation and Advertising: Going Global in CulturalFunctions of Translation. In Schaffner C. Kelly-Holmes H. (Eds.), CulturalFunctions of Translation. Multilingual Matters.

Smith V. and C. Klein-Braley. (1997)。 Advertising: A five-stage strategy fortranslation. In C. Nord et al. (Eds), Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Samovar Larry A. Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani. ()。 CommunicationBetween Culture 3rded. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress.

Schiffman Leon G. and Kanuk Leslie Lazar. (2001)。 Consumer Behavior. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.

Hance J. Vemeer. ()。 Skopos and Commission in Translational Action. In VenutiL. The Translation Studies Reader. (pp.227-238)。 New York and London:Routledge.

曹顺发,(2002),广告用语的翻译,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 43-45页。

丁树德,(1995),产品广告的英译应简洁,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 44-45页。

郭可,(1992),英语新闻与广告写作,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 59-66 页。

胡开宝、陈在权,(2000),商标名称的美学特征与英语商品名称的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 51-53 页。

蒋磊,(1994),谈商业广告的翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 40-43 页。

蒋磊,(2002),文化差异与商标翻译的语用失误,《中国科技翻译》,第 3期,第 52-56 页。

黎凡,(1992),谈广告翻译的变通,《中国翻译》,第 2 期,第 29-31 页。

李克兴,(),《广告翻译理论与实践》。北京:北京大学出版社。

李祥德,(1990),广告中四字词组的`英译法,《中国翻译》,第 3 期,第 13-16页。

孟琳、詹晶辉,(2001),英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译,《中国翻译》,第 5 期,第 49-52 页。

苏淑惠,(1996),广告英语的文体功能和翻译标准,《外国语(上海外国语大学学报)》,第 2 期,第 51-56 页。

唐艳芳,(2003),谈广告翻译的美学策略,《浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,第 2 期,第 112-116 页。

汪文格,(1999),谈商业文字翻译中美的再现与拓展,《湖南大学学报(社会科学版),第 S1 期,第 87-90 页。

王贞霞,(),论广告英语的翻译技巧,《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版)》,第 32 卷第 4 期,第 123-125 页。

谢建平,(2002),含蓄--广告语言创意及翻译中的特色标记,《中国科技翻译》,第 2 期,第 37-40 页。

杨全红,(2000),译者,绎也--试探国际广告的非常规翻译法,《中国科技翻译》,第 1 期,第 18-21 页。

张沉香,(2007),功能目的理论与应用翻译研究。长沙:湖南师范大学出版社。

赵静, (1993),广告英语。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

4、论文提纲

Chapter One provides a brief background on the study. It introduces and explains the necessity of the study.

Chapter Two reviews relevant research related to advertising translation. Itintroduces the related research studies of advertising translation in China and west.

Chapter Three presents the theoretical framework which is the fundamentaltheoretical guidance of the thesis. It reviews the background and the development ofthe Skopos theory and introduces three principles of the Skopos theory: the Skoposrule the coherence rule and fidelity rule.

Chapter Four introduces gives a general introduction of advertising and majorlanguage features of English advertising.

Chapter Five expounds and proves the applicability of the Skopos theory toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation and explores specific translation strategies toEnglish-Chinese advertising translation under the guidance of the Skopos theory.

Chapter Six is conclusion of the entire thesis. Through the above analysis andresearch this thesis concludes that on the basis of the Skopos theoryEnglish-Chinese translation can be effectively guided. Meanwhile the thesis alsopoints out the shortages of the study.

5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容

Skopos Theory

6、研究条件和可能存在的问题

there are some analyses or comments in the thesis which may not beprofound because of limitation of advertising knowledge and practical workingexperience in the advertising field. However in the future more efforts will be madeto probe into the topic of advertising translation.

7、预期的结果

Meanwhile English advertising is different from other literary translation. English advertising has its particular purpose and unique rhetorical features. To makethe target readers or consumers feel the charm of the source text and finally promotethe goal of sale translator should use flexible translation according to the differentrhetoric characteristics.

8、论文写作进度安排(略)

篇8:开题报告及

题目

姓名:XXX(宋体小三号,加粗)

课题组:XXXXXX

日期:20xx年XXX月XXX日

商河文昌实验学校制

目录(标题:黑体三号加粗居中)

一、课题的背景、意义和价值

二、国内外关于该课题的研究现状及趋势

三、本课题研究的基本内容、研究重点及预计突破的难点

四、本课题的研究方法和途径

五、课题具体实施步骤

六、课题预期研究成果

七、主要参考文献

一、课题研究的背景、意义和价值(一级标题:黑体四号加粗顶左,段前自动,多倍行距2.41)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(段落文字:宋体(英文用Times New Roman体)小四号,两端对齐书写,段落首行缩进2个汉字符)

1.xxxxxx(二级标题:黑体小四号加粗顶左,段前自动,行距1.5)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(段落文字:宋体(英文用Times New Roman体)小四号,两端对齐书写)

(1)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(段落文字:宋体(英文用Times New Roman体)小四号,两端对齐书写,段落首行缩进2个汉字符。)

二、国内外关于该课题的研究现状及趋势(同上)

三、本课题研究的基本内容、研究重点及预计突破的难点(同上)

四、本课题的研究方法和途径(同上)

五、课题具体实施步骤(同上)

六、课题预期研究成果(同上)

七、主要参考文献(参考格式如下)

[1]作者.文题.刊名,年,卷号(期号):起~止页码(出版物格式,五号宋体,居左)

[2]作者.书名(译者).出版地:出版者,出版年,起~止页码(专(译)著格式,五号宋体,居左)

[3]作者.文题.编者,文集名,出版地:出版者,出版年,起~止页码(论文集格式,五号宋体,居左)

[4]作者.文题.博士(或硕士学位论文),授予单位,授予年(学位论文格式,五号宋体,居左)

[5]申请者.专利名.国名,专利文献种类,专利号,授权日期(专利格式,五号宋体,居左)

[6]发布单位.技术标准代号,技术标准名称.出版地:出版者,出版日期(技术标准格式,五号宋体,居左)

篇9:开题报告及

课题题目:新课标下中学研究

一、课题研究的背景、意义和价值

课程标准指出:工具性与人文性的统一,是语文课程的基本特点。在传统的语文教学中,教师往往侧重于

语文学科的工具性而忽视了其人文性的.特征。其实,语文是人文性很强的课程,语文的人文性侧重教育,培养和滋润学生个性的全面发展,强调学生积极主动的学习态度。这就要求语文教师要善于运用情感策略,大力激发和培养学生的积极情感,拨动学生情感的心弦,使学生在富于情感的状态中受到深刻的教育和熏陶,提高语文素养,并结合学生实际情况,探寻在语文教育中渗透情感教育的有效策略,充分体现语文学科的“人文性”特点和“以人为本”的教育理念,推进语文教学从应试教育走向素质教育。在语文教学中进行情感教学,不仅有利于激发学生的学习兴趣、陶冶学生的高尚情操,同时也有助于语文教学目标的实现。

新课标强调知识与技能,过程与方法,情感、态度、价值观三个目标,情感目标是其中不可或缺的重要部分。为真正落实新课程改革的精神实质,全面提高学生的语文素养,促进学生整体素质均衡而有个性地发展,寓情感教学于语文教学已成为语文教育中一个值得深入研究的重要课题。情感是语文教学艺术化的重要标志,它既是手段也是目的,越来越多的语文教师在观念上认同了这点。然而,在实际操作中,将情感教学作为知识传授的附庸的状况依然存在。恰当的教学策略对于中学语文情感教学广泛而有效的实施具有重要作用。

传统教学中情感教育的缺失现状亟待改观,由于教师对教育目标的认识不全面,缺乏正确的学生观和教师专业发展的意识等到原因,在传统教学中普遍存在重“知”轻“情”的思想,有是情感教育被德育所替代,情感教育变得“戒律化”,与学生的身心发展状况脱节,不能真正关注到学生自身的情感体验和发展。把情感教育作为一个独立的课题进行研究和探索,可以从很大程度上提升教师对情感教育的重视,达到让学生“知”“情”同步发展的目的,进而让教育行为影响和改变学生的“意”和“行”。

二、国内外关于该课题的研究现状及趋势

情感教育在大力提倡素质教育的今天已成为教育理论和实践所关注的“热点”话题之一。情感教育是教育过程的一部分,它关注教育过程中学生的态度、情绪、情感以及信念,还有对学生自尊、个人发展和社会发展的关注,以促进学生个体的和谐发展和整个社会的健康发展。

在我们的课题研究之前,可以看到国内外的教育家们已经有了诸多的理论,从我国古代教育家孔子的“知学、好学、乐学”到当代著名教授卢家楣的“情感教育心理学理论”,从著名教育家夸美纽斯的“愉快教学”到著名心理学家布鲁纳的“动机原则”,都有着独到的见解,是我们进行此次课题研究的不竭源泉。在语文教学中融入情感教育符合新课程改革目标的基本理念,为语文学科教学注入了新的血液,它将成为语文教学改革的一个崭新亮点。

三、本课题研究的基本内容、研究重点及预计突破的难点

1、基本内容

首先对古今中外的情感教学理论进行梳理,明确情感教学的内涵、特征,然后分析并指出语文情感教学的功能,并重点分析语文情感教学现状及主要原因。最后以现代教学论、心理学理论、教育学原理等为理论依据,根据中学生的身心发展特点,发挥教师情感、中学语文文本富含的情感以及各种情感教育有利因素的作用,形成可行性方案,提出新课程背景下中学语文情感教学的策略。.

2、研究重点

发掘教材情感生发点,以情引情;发挥教学者的情感教化作用;调动学生的情感潜能。

3、预计突破的难点

从情感教学理论与中学语文教学实践相结合的角度进行语文情感教学的探索,提出新课程背景下中学语文情感教学的具有普适性的策略。

四、本课题的研究方法和途径

本课题拟通过:文献研究法、比较法、实践法、行动性研究、调查法等研究方法进行研究,从情感教学理论与中学语文教学实践相结合的角度,将情感教学心理学理论与优秀教师教学实践及自身在教学实践中的探索等方面相结合,较为全面和深入地对中学语文情感教学进行新的探讨。

五、课题具体实施步骤

按照本课题研究的设计框架,研究过程经历了以下几个阶段:

阶段一:新课程背景下中学语文情感教学理论依据的学习阶段;(20xx年4月——5月)

1、成立课题研究小组,组内分工,明确研究任务。

2、组织语文教师学习情感教学理论,阅读中学语文情感教学研究的相关期刊文献。

篇10:开题报告

综述

由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲。

总述

开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。

提纲

开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细。

参考文献

开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录

具体如下:

福州大学本科生毕业设计(论文)开题报告

姓 名 徐晓 班级 08级工商管理(1)班 学号 240893151

题 目 品牌核心力营销策略探究——以青岛海尔公司为例

一、研究背景、概况及意义

1.背景及概况:

市场营销是指在以顾客需求为中心的思想指导下,企业所进行的有关产品生产、流通和售后服务等与市场有关的一系列经营活动。市场营销作为一种计划及执行活动,其过程包括对一个产品,一项服务、或一种思想的开发制作、定价、促销和流通等活动,其目的是经由交换及交易的过程达到满足组织或个人的需求目标。.市场营销是一种企业活动,是企业有目的、有意识的行为。满足和引导消费者的需求是市场营销活动的出发点和中心。 企业必须以消费者为中心,面对不断变化的环境,作出正确的反应,以适应消费者不断变化的需求。满足消费者的需求不仅包括现在的需求,还包括未来潜在的需求。现在的需求表现为对已有产品的购买倾向,潜在需求则表现为对尚未问世产品的某种功能的愿望。企业应通过开发产品并运用各种营销手段,刺激和引导消费者产生新的需求。

随着政府监管趋严,市场逐步规范,竞争压力与日俱增,依靠不规范营销保持生存,将会越来越难。海尔家电是世界白色家电第一品牌,中国最具价值品牌。在首席执行官张瑞敏的指导下,先后实施名牌战略,多元化战略,国际化战略和全球品牌战略,现在,海尔集团形成了相对稳定的市场格局,也根据自己的特点建立了适合企业发展的销售渠道。但随着营销环境的变化,尤其是连锁商业的迅速扩张和电子商务是迅速发展,传统的营销渠道模式已经不能适应现代企业的发展需要,因此营销渠道创新势在必行。而与其他家电企业的博弈中,海尔集团只有创新营销观念,进行渠道创新,才能在竞争中争取主动,实现自身的进一步的发展。

2 选题意义

(1)理论意义:在目前现有的文献资料中,大部分营销模式是比较传统的营销方式,适应不了日新月异的时代和社会,在现阶段,营销理念和标准有4c营销理论,营销的策略和手段有4p即研究适合网络时代下的广告传播模式具有很大的理论意义。

(2)现实意义:酒香不怕巷子深的时代早已过去,在这个竞争白热化的市场条件下,营销方式的是企业品牌传播的重要手段。但如果继续借用传统的营销模式来会导致产品销售的不善,严重的会使企业的资金链陷入恶性循环,因此,必须研究适合新时代的`合理营销的模式,提升品牌在受众心目中的知名度和品牌形象,并且能综合开发利用广告信息资源,为企业产品价值的实现具有重要意义。

二、研究主要内容

1.本研究的基本思路是:(1) 通过文献阅读与资料查找,明确 “营销”概念,知道营销的相关理论,比如“传播的策略”,“营销的分类”及前人关于“营销模式”做了哪些研究;(2) 明确“核心力”概念,知道核心力营销的相关理论。(3)结合青岛海尔公司个案,提出核心力营销的运用。

2.具体结构如下

一、绪论

二、相关理论概述:

(一)营销学理论概述

1 营销的概念和特征

2 营销要素

3 营销的分类

4 营销模式发展概述

(二)核心力营销理论的概述

1 核心力营销的定义

2 核心力营销的功能

3 核心力营销成要素分析

4 核心力营销基本流程

5核心力营销理论发展概述

三、青岛海尔公司现行营销策略及核心力营销的可行性

(一)上海回力鞋业有限公司介绍

(二)上海回力鞋业营销策略分析

(三)上海回力鞋业核心力营销的可行性分析

四、核心力营销在青岛海尔公司的模拟运用

(一)青岛海尔公司核心力营销运作图

(二)青岛海尔公司整合核心力营销实施

三、研究步骤、方法及措施

本文将采用文献研究、理论逻辑分析、实证分析三种方法。

1. 文献研究:先对己有的营销学理论相关文献进行系统的学习和阅读。归纳整理营销学的相关理论,重点整理前人关于“营销模式”与“核心力营销模式”的研究。

2. 理论逻辑分析:通过对传统的营销模式的详细解读,提出每一个模式的进步与不足之处。循环广结合时代发展的新特点,提出了适合新时代模式。

3 实证分析:

(1) 分析青岛海尔公司背景及营销策略

(2) 分析青岛海尔公司目前营销模式的特点及可以借鉴之处。

(3)提出青岛海尔公司对该模式的假想运用。

四、研究进度计划

1.10月16日,师生面谈,探索选题方向及思路;

2.月16日至年11月10日,收集资料,阅读文献,在不断修正中形成较为具体的研究方法,形成开题报告初稿;

3.2011年11月10日至2011年11月20日,在导师的指导下,进行材料收集和整理,修改开题报告初稿,最终形成开题报告;

4.2011年11月20日至5月13日,收集资料形成写作思路,撰写初稿;

5. 205月14日至5月26日,初稿修改并撰写论文第二稿

6. 年5月27日至6月2日,第二稿修改并撰写第三稿。

7. 2012年6月3日,最后定稿,完成论文。

五、参考文献

1、托尼,普罗克特(英).营销调研精要.机械工业出版社.,(8)

2、西顿,班尼特(美).旅游产品营销.高等教育出版社.2004,(10)

3、John Quelch(美).营销管理.中国人民大学出版社.,(2)

4、卢子,佩而顿.营销渠道_一种关系管理方法.机械工业出版社.2004,(7)

5、詹姆斯.伯克,巴里.雷斯尼克.旅游商品的营销与推销.电子工业出版社.2004,(1)

6、郭英之,张丽.旅游市场营销.湖南大学出版社.,(8)

7、韦明体,杨晨晖.旅行社市场营销.旅游教育出版社.2004,(5)

8、陈锋仪,王莉霞,库瑞.旅行社经营与管理案例分析.南开大学出版社.2004,(7)

9、历新建,张辉.旅游经济学的理论与发展.东北财经大学出版社.,(12)

10、李国振,胡巍.旅游营销管理.山东人民出版社.,(5)

学生签名: 徐晓 2011年10 月 20日

指导教师意见(对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见及开题是否通过):

通过 □ 完善后通过 □ 未通过 □

指导教师签名: 年 月 日

注:开题报告用A4纸打印装订在毕业设计(论文)任务书后,学生可根据开题报告的长度加页。

开题是否通过请指导教师在□内打“√”。

篇11:开题报告

摘要: 水利水电项目的工程建设投资,其目的不仅仅是简单的形成固定资产的多少和生产能力的大小,其项目的经济效果不单在项目工程施工建设过程中,还体现在项目投产后的运行生产过程中。通过对水电工程经济效果影响因素的研究分析,评价项目建设投资的经济效果,为水电项目的建设投资、生产活动提供方向指导。本文从项目的资金成本投入、利润等方面对项目投资的经济效果因素进行了分析。

关键词:水利水电工程,资本投入,经济效果

一 概述。

在社会生产生活中,人们进行一项生产活动时,往往都以达到某种预想的效果为最终目的。所进行的生产活动的种类不同,取得的最终效果也是不同的。总起来讲,生产活动的效果通常可以分为两种:一种是可以直接通过数字来衡量的直接经济效果;另一种是无法直接用数字衡量的间接经济效果。但不管哪种效果的获得都必须通过劳动的消耗产生,因此,在经济上我们可以用劳动消耗量对生产活动的最终效果进行评价。可见经济效果通常来讲就是人们进行社会生产活动所获得的效果和所耗费的劳动量的比较。此外,对社会生产活动的评价中,还经常用经济效益来衡量,经济效益所产出的经济效果是具有社会价值被认可的,这主要是相对盲目的生产建设而言。经济效益是用尽可能少的劳动消耗,生产尽可能多的符合社会生产需要的成果。水利水电项目投资的经济效果为工程建设投资和项目固定资产及项目生产能力和社会效益的对比。对整个项目经济效益的评价应贯穿整个项目的生产周期,包括项目建设到项目投产的整个周期,内容上主要包括资金投入、固定资产投入、流动资金投入、项目运行成本、成本、生产利润等多方面。[1]

二 水利水电项目的经济效果影响因素。

2.1资金投入。

1.资金投入的构成。

水利水电工程投资主要分为如下几部分。

(1)工程项目的固定投资。主要包括工程建筑物、生产设备以及设备安装费用等。

(2)临时性投资。

(3)其他投资。包括征地、移民安置以及土地淹没赔偿,环保投资,勘测、设计等前期费用,生产工具的添置等费用。

2.投资的类别。

1.国家拨款。

国家财政拨款是我国水利水电项目的投资的主要来源。国家财政拨款企业无需支付利息也不需归还,属于国家基础设施建设投资的一部分。这种投资的弊端比较大,资金在使用过程中浪费现象严重,投资收益差。为了改善这种情况,国家进行了改革,加强了对资金使用的监督,使投资的收益有所提高。

2.自筹款项。

自筹款项是各级地方政府部门,在政策法规允许范围内,通过地方财政、企业留成等渠道筹措的资金款项。

3.贷款。。

贷款需要支付本息,通过银行对企业资金流向的监督,有利于促使企业在资金使用过程中精打细算,节省资金投入,工程项目的建设进度和投资收益大大提高。

4.招商引资。

在有利于国家建设的前提下,引入外资和社会闲散资金有助于补充项目建设资金的不足,有助于提高我国社会主义现代化的建设速度。

资金投入占整个项目建设资金消耗的绝大部分,加强投资建设的资金监管和项目核算,提高资金的使用率对项目经济效果的提高大有裨益。

2.2流动资金投入。

流动资金是企业运作的动力,是不断运动的。在水利水电项目建设中,主要用于购买生产资料和支付工资,在水利水电项目投产以后通过电费结算实现资金回笼。流动资金的运转贯穿了企业生产的整个过程,反映了生产资料的供应、产品的生产、项目的验收结算等活动。流动资金的运转情况,直接反映了企业的经营状况,是对整个项目经济活动状况进行评价的重要标准。

2.3固定资本折旧。

固定资产是生产活动的基础投资,主要包括建筑物、机械设备等,其在整个寿命周期的形态不发生变化。固定资产在生产使用过程中,必然会产生损耗,产生折旧,其初始价值也随着降低。折旧既是损耗,同时也是成本的回收,可以将价值向产品成本转移,从而获得补偿。在进行水利水电经济计算时,可以将折旧算作收入的一部分,作为投资回收的重要部分。另外在进行偿还贷款能力的计算中,折旧是不可缺少的内容。[2]

2.4 年运行费用。

年运行费用是水利水电项目的重要考核指标。反映了水利水电项目在生命周期内的年运行成本,其主要包括燃料费消耗、工人工资、维护费用、实验检测费用等。

2.5产品成本。

水利水电项目的产品比较特殊,其是将水资源转变为电能或商品水,其主要成本在于项目设备折旧和年运行费用的支出。其成本的计算要独立进行。另外,水利水电项目的成本会随地理环境和自然气候的变化而变化,需要通过专业计算进行确定。[3]

2.6 税费。

水利水电项目在获得产品利润后要缴纳税费。因此在进行项目投资效果评价时,要对缴纳的税费进行考虑。

2.7企业利润。

利润是产品销售以后去除成本和税费后的资金收入。利润是是评价企业效益的重要指标,是影响水利水电项目投资经济效益的重要因素。

三结论。

生产活动的主要目的就是以最少的消耗取得最多的效果,即追求最多的经济效益。只有创造的产品价值大于投入的劳动消耗,社会才能发展。只有了解了影响工程项目经济效果影响因素,从这些因素出发,降低成本消耗,提高利润产出,才能提高水利水电项目的经济效果。为国家的经济建设添砖加瓦。

参考文献:

[1] 严小洪.关于水电建设项目开展后评价问题的探讨[J].水力发电,20xx,36(3):6-15.

[2] 朱藻文.从二滩水电站设计的动态成本看水电的经济性[J].四川水力发电,1986,(3):1-2.

[3] 陈一华.水利水电工程经济评价概述[J].水利科技,1985,(3):10-17.

篇12:开题报告

我校承担的xx市“十一五”规划课题《小学语文系列化考级实验与研究》今日开题。我代表课题组作开题报告,请各位代表审议并提出意见。

一、课题提出的依据

长期以来,小学语文教学一直徘徊在“高耗低效”的误区,阅读面窄、朗读水平差、语言积累少、语言表达能力弱似乎成了小学生的“语文通病”。“如何切实提高小学语文教学质量?”困扰着我们每一个语文教师。

20xx年由国家教育部制订的《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》中明确指出:“语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成和发展。”“……语文课程应培育学生热爱祖国语文的思想感情,指导学生正确理解和运用祖国语言,丰富语言的积累,培养语感,发展思维,使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力、阅读能力、习作能力、口语交际能力。语文课程还应重视提高学生的品德修养和审美情趣,使他们逐步养成良好的个性和健全的人格,促进德、智、体、美的和谐发展。”这些论述有意识地将“语文素养”凸现出来,为小学语文教学改革指明了研究方向,也为“如何提高小学语文教学质量”提供了一个极具探究价值的突破口。

但是,学生语文素养的形成和发展仅靠语文课本中的内容是远远不够的,要让学生学好语文,必须要激发学生课外识字、阅读、背诵和习作的兴趣,引导学生拓宽语文学习渠道,激励学生自主识字、自主阅读、自主积累,培育学生热爱祖国语言文字的情感,发展学生的思维,让学生从小养成良好的学习习惯。但是在实际的教学时间中,由于缺乏具体规范的、可以操作实施的评价手段与活动,很难将课程标准中规定的各项具体要求,特别是课外阅读和语言积累的数量落到实处。鉴于此,我们提出了《小学语文系列化考级实验与研究》这一研究课题,准备采取切实有效的活动形式促进学生语文素养的全面提高。

二、课题研究的理论价值和实践价值

(一)理论价值

1、促进教师自主探究小学语文教学规律。在系列化考级活动中,由于包括了识字、写字、阅读、背诵、习作五个方面的内容,各项学习内容之间存在一定的联系和规律,教师在引导学生参与考级过程中可以进一步研究各项学习能力之间如何相互促进,相互转化,从而在语文教学过程中树立大语文学习观,促进学生语文综合素养的提高,促进语文教学质量的全面提升。

2、营造良好的教育教学研究氛围,帮助教师树立“终身学习”的理念,全面提高教师驾驭课堂教学的能力和教育教学理论水平,全面提升教师教科研素质,引导教师探索全新的语文教学模式,努力建设一支富有创造生机的中青年骨干教师队伍,把学校建设成一所散发浓郁书香的特色学校。

(二)实践价值

1、引导学生感悟中华文化的丰厚博大,吸收民族文化智慧,吸取人类优秀文化的营养;培植热爱祖国语言文字的情感,养成语文学习的自信心和良好习惯,掌握最基本的语文学习方法;能主动进行探究性学习,在实践中学习、运用语文;具有自主识字、独立阅读、自主积累能力,形成良好的语感。

2、全面激发学生的语文学习兴趣,提高学生学习语文的积极性,培养学生会识字、勤读书、善积累、爱写作的良好习惯,拓宽语文教学的时间和空间,提高学生的语文综合素养。

3、在各项考级活动中,优化学法指导,增强同学间的合作、交流意识,全面提高学生的口头语言和书面语言表达能力以及自我教育、自我管理、自我评价的能力,切实提高学生的语文素养和语文能力,提高学习效率,全面提高语文教学质量;提高学生的逻辑思维与理解能力,为其他学科的学习打好基础,同时也为终身学习奠定基础。

三、课题研究的理论基础与实践基础

(一)理论基础

1、我校历来重视教科研工作,先后承担了十多项国家、省、市、区级课题,并取得了比较理想的课题研究成果。学校有较为优越的教学研究条件,能保证人力、财力的投入,有较为完善的教科研管理网络。

2、目前,我们语文教研组18人,具有大专及以上学历的教师占全体教师的95%,绝大部分教师参加过区级以上优质课比赛。教师的科研意识比较强,教学理念能够与时俱进,教育理论水平较高,这一切都为我们进行课题研究奠定了厚实的基础。

(二)实践基础

1、此课题已经在我们学校开展了近三年的时间,我们在进行各项考级的过程中积累了一定的经验,也发现了其中存在的部分问题,这为调整实验方向,采取更加科学有效的实验措施,从而进一步开展实验研究奠定了相应的基础。

2、学校投入了一定的人力和财力,编写了实验研究所需要的辅助教材,购买了内容丰富适合儿童阅读的书籍,编印了相应的考级证书,保证了开展实验研究的时间,这都为课题研究的深入开展提供了强有力的保障。

四、课题研究的总体目标和主要内容

(一)课题研究的总体目标

课题研究的总体目标就是引领各位语文教师通过引导学生参加识字、写字、阅读、背诵、习作五项考级活动,努力激发学生的语文学习兴趣,培育学生对祖国语言文字的热爱之情,全面提高学生的语文综合素养,进而提高全校的语文教学质量,促进学生整体学习能力的提高。同时在课题研究的过程中进一步提高教师的科研能力与教学水平,努力创建一支具有较强科研水平的语文教师队伍。

篇13:开题报告

题目:某五星级酒店设计

一、选题的依据及意义:

1、选题依据:

中国是目前世界上在建五星级酒店最多的国家,近年来,中国五星级酒店整体规模实现了快速的增长,行业发展水平一取得了长足的进步,但行业整体发展的不均衡性也日渐显现。随着社会经济发展水平、消费者需求和投资者实力的不断提升,国家五星级酒店评价标准持续提高,各地五星级酒店在设施设备、产品功能方面的发展进步明显。

基于对中国经济发展良好趋势的预期,无论是国内资本还是国外资本,对中国五星级酒店市场的投资将保持长期的增长,但投资将更趋理性,且投资区域范围更广、投资合作形式更加丰富多样,中西部地区将成为未来五星级酒店增长的“新热点”.同时,随着投资者恒业投资经验的不断丰富,对酒店管理和品牌的要求也也越来越高。在此情况下,国际酒店集团在未来中国五星级酒店的发展中仍将处于领先优势,尤其是在其重点发展的珠三角、长三角、环渤海地区和一线城市。国内酒店集团仍将保持在二三线城市的拓展势头,并在各自传统的地区市场进一步巩固优势。

随着我国经济的快速发展和人们生活水平的日益提高,人们的消费能力和消费水平有了极大的提升,商务、度假、旅游等活动使我国城市酒店业得到了快速的发展。现代星级酒店作为一个城市的名片和对外窗口,其酒店形象和服务水平都从侧面反映出这个城市的整体形象和文化特质。因此,现代星级酒店建筑设计不仅要注重建筑外形的气质塑造, 还应致力于其良好的内在功能品质及酒店文化性与异质性的挖掘。

在此背景下,我选择这一课题设计,一来可以顺应现在社会的发展,二来因为星级酒店设计可作为一个地区的地标性建筑,故可锻炼自己更加谨慎、全面的统筹功能、空间、造型、交通等的关系,进一步巩固自己所学。

2、意义:

这次的酒店设计可以让我综合应用所学的各种理论知识和技能,进行全面、系统、严格的技术及基本能力的联系,通过这次酒店设计强化对基本知识和基本技能的理解和掌握,培养自己的收集资料和调查研究的能力,一定的方案比较、论证的能力,一定的理论分析与设计运算能力,进一步提高应用计算机绘图的能力。掌握资料的收集好分析、相关规范的选择和运用;掌握设计方案的选择、成果图的绘制遗迹设计文本年的编制全过程。另外对培养独立思考问题和解决问题的能力,为今后工作做好技术储备,都具有十分重要意义。酒店设计是一个多元化设计,所以也是锻炼我们能力的一个很好机会,在此中学亦到很多课堂没有的东西,这也是为我们马上面向社会做一个铺垫。让我能在毕业之际把以前所学更加巩固,查缺补漏。

二、国内外概况及发展趋势(含文献综述):

1.国内外概况

旅游和商务活动自古有之,饭店餐馆就应运而生。相传欧洲最初的食宿设施始于古罗马时期,其发展进程经历了所谓古代客栈时期、大饭店时期、商业饭店时期等阶段,其间几经波则起落。第二次世界大战以后,欧美各地随着经济形式和旅游业的不断发展进入了新型饭店时期,并逐步形成了庞大独立的饭店行业[1].

酒店从最初的客栈、驿站开始,已经有近千年的发展历史。进入21世纪,频繁的商务活动和旅游度假,促使世界的酒店业成为世界第一大产业。酒店建筑,特别是大型酒店建筑,从来就是城市形象中的焦点,也是城市社会文化活动的延伸。在任何一个城市或景区中,酒店建筑都是当地地域文化、经济发展和社会文明的一种标志[2].

酒店设计是一个综合的专业体系,包括:酒店整体规划、单体建筑设计、室内装饰设计、酒店形象识别、酒店设备和用品设计、酒店发展趋势研究等内容【2】。

回顾中国的酒店设计,可以归纳为三个阶段[3]:

第一阶段,即八十年代初,我国大量建造商业性酒店,国内设计师处于模仿和实习期,开始将国外设计师在国外项目的设计手法移植到国内设计其他项目,该阶段国外的设计师基本垄断了国内高星级酒店的设计;

第二阶段,九十年代至二十年代末,部分国内设计师开始设计高星级酒店,并出现了酒店设计国内外合作的局面;

第三阶段,进入二十一世纪,境内设计力量崛起,我国设计师已经承担外资高星级酒店的部分方案设计,中国五星级酒店的施工基本由国内企业完成,质量不仅可以和国际水准接轨,还形成了相对规范的专业技术[3].

当代酒店设计受信息网络及传媒影响,设计文化成为共享的世界文化,它所表达的形式受日益复杂的顾客群体需求的不断变化,加入文化主题风格化、个性化的酒店成为主流,设计师对文化艺术的理解和个人全面素养的提高,是推动酒店设计的必要历程[4].

2.发展趋势

星级酒店近年发展极其迅猛,其设计发展趋势备受大家的关注。近期纽约、巴黎、香港、上海等国际性大城市不断涌出极具代表性的五星级酒店,引领了现阶段的设计潮流。如今的酒店设计不再是单一的要求豪华、,更多地注入多元化、个性化等因素。

过去的五星级酒店设计,更多是要求呈现一种奢华及气派,无过多文化气息的营造,或忽视了客户的心理需求。而如今的设计趋势不再以豪华来评估其等级,人们要求的将是集吃、住、会议、娱乐、休闲等功能于壹体的全方位的、复合型的酒店设计,更能站在生活的角度,将设计人性化。

从人性角度出发的同时,体现设计的文化特征是当今星级酒店体现其个性化的重点。不同的区域,不同的文化背景下,采用其特有的'地方风格,使室内设计更具文化特征。当不同的国度,不同人种走进酒店,能感受其地方特色以及温暖、舒适、备受欢迎的气氛,来往的人会因这份独特的设计爱上这个美丽的地方。

除了豪华的装饰、功能全面、人性化、地方特征各个要求,酒店的设计发展也强调了新颖、突破传统、风格塑造。社会的发展带动了科技的发展,在日新月异的今天,酒店的设计也不断出现着新的亮点。新材料,新设备、新技术更多被应用到酒店的设计中,提高了酒店的实用性,体现了与时俱进的特色,也响应了绿色、环保的新时代要求。这等等都是目前以及往后星际酒店设计的发展趋势,这趋势也将势不可挡。

三、本课题研究内容

随着酒店业的不断发展,酒店之间的竞争越来越激烈,产品的竞争是最基本的竞争,服务的竞争是一种无形产品的竞争,但最终意义上的竞争是文化的竞争。文化的竞争是最高层次,最高品味的竞争。

酒店产业的竞争日趋激烈,传统酒店的模式化服务已经满足不了消费者的需求。如何将酒店可持续发展显得尤为重要。酒店的形象设计与它所处的地理位置,建筑造型,周边的环境密切相关。如何突出酒店的特色,又能更好的融入到周边的环境当中,这是文化与形象设计的相容。

通过深入分析酒店文化,得出文化对酒店形象设计的重要性。将酒店文化与酒店形象设计相融合,获得一种全新的艺术效果。在注重环保的今天,酒店业可持续发展已成为业内密切关注的重大问题。酒店惊醒规划设计时,应从环保与可持续发展的角度出发,对自然环境的保护,以人为本,更好的为人服务,将建筑与周围的环境相容,融入到城市设计中,促进和谐可持续发展。

四、本课题研究方案

在毕业设计开始前我将对国内外著名五星级酒店、超五星级酒店及有特色的酒店进行资料收集和研究,并对当地的五星级酒店进行实地调研,并且对收集的案例和实例的功能、空间、造型、艺术特色等进行分析总结,整合出五星级酒店设计应注意的事项与要点,结合本次毕业设计的项目实际进行取舍,从各个案例里面吸收精华,收获灵感,在自己设计的五星级酒店中加以运用。

另外景观、配套等的规划与建筑单体的设计一样重要,特别是对五星级酒店而言更为重要,景观设计在酒店设计的先导意义在于,能更好的控制好宜人的空间环境和建筑尺度,所以在收集资料阶段我也会着重注意景观规划部分并进一步完善自己的毕业设计。

五、研究目标、设计标准及工作进度:

1、研究目标:

五星级酒店是酒店的最高等级。酒店设备十分豪华,设施更加完善,除了房间设施豪华外,服务设施齐全。各种各样的餐厅,较大规模的宴会厅、会议厅、综合服务比较齐全,是社交、会议、娱乐、购物、消遣、保健等活动中心。主要是满足上层资产阶级、政府官员、社会名流、大企业公司的管理人员、工程技术人员、参加国际会议的官员、专家、学者的需要。五星级酒店设计应以交通组织为切入点。功能不同的交通组织方式又将酒店分为既独立又相互联系的两部分:酒店的公共部分往往是一座酒店形象、品质的表征,也占酒店投资金额的主要部分,因此常常被建筑师所重视,成为设计重点;而酒店的服务管理部分的组织主要脱胎于酒店的经营管理模式。由于专业的限制,这一部分往往不被建筑师所重视。其实,后馆部分是一座酒店高速运营的保障。酒店设计归根到底是以酒店的经营和营利为目的,因此可以说公共空间的舒适性和易识别性,管理组织的便捷性和有序性是酒店经营的目标和保障。

2、设计标准:

行业领先的KXA建筑师事务所认为,五星级酒店设计不能单纯于艺术装饰。其实创造丰富的空间造型,讲究科学,追求平和随意、率真自由的境界更重要,要有一个明确的统一的主题。统一可以构成一切美的形式和本质。用统一来规划设计,使构思变得既无价又有内涵,这是每个设计师都应该追求的设计境界。装饰讲流行但更讲个性,具体的环境不同,文化背景品味追求与风俗习惯不同,就可能会产生不同的效果。也才是五星级酒店设计的主要意旨。[5]

五星级酒店设计应不断创新,装修和装饰也不分谁轻谁重,两者互为因果。只有在功能合理的装修前提下,装饰的内涵与境界才最能体现。不拘泥于旧有的观点,通过功能的装修,美学的装饰,赋予每个家居以新的形象就非常重要了。

五星级酒店大堂设计以境界为最上,有境界就自成高格。五星级酒店大堂设计是装修与装饰的灵魂,是装修与装饰的剧中之本。要想家居能以高层次的内涵与境界使生活更美满更愉悦,看上去舒服用起来便当,就必需重视五星级酒店大堂设计。[5]

3、工作进度:

X月XX日--X月XX日 资料收集、实地调研

X月XX日--X月XX日 建筑设计一草 画出总体图平面图

X月XX日--X月XX日 建筑设计二草 修改并确定方案 放大比例开始进行细部设计

X月XX日--X月XX日 建筑设计三草 完善设计 更加深妥善地解决各种问题

X月XX日--X月XX日 整理设计资料和图纸

X月XX日--X月XX日 教师评阅、毕业设计展

X月XX日--X月XX日 毕业答辩

六、主要参考资料:

[1]杨茂川。世界酒店发展史

[2]徐朋。酒店设计--城市文化的延伸

[3]徐朋。构建和谐酒店环境

[4]王军。酒店空间文化的营造

[5] 五星级酒店设计

开题报告

语言学论文

新闻学开题报告

英文开题报告

开题报告 评语

课题开题报告

科研课题开题报告

德育论文开题报告

毕业论文开题报告

硕士开题报告

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