GRE阅读高频机经原文：彗星的pristinerelics

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篇1：GRE阅读高频机经原文：彗星的pristinerelics

GRE阅读高频机经原文：彗星的pristine relics

11. 彗星的pristine relics

The long-held perspective that comets are pristine remnants from the formation of the solar system has evolved from the prevailing views of 30 years ago, finds planetary scientist Dr. S. Alan Stern in a paper published in the journal Nature.

“It's fair to say that a sea change has taken place,” says Stern, director of the Space Studies Department in the SwRI Space Science and Engineering Division. “We used to consider comets as wholly unchanged relics that had been stored ever since the era of solar system formation in a distant, cold, timeless deep freeze called the Oort cloud. We now appreciate that a variety of processes slowly modify comets during their storage there,” he says. “As a result, it's become clear that the Oort cloud and its cousin the Kuiper Belt are not such perfect deep freezes.”

The first evolutionary process to be recognized as affecting comets during their long storage was radiation damage, followed by the discovery that sandblasting from dust grains in the interstellar medium plays an important role. Next, researchers theorized that comets in the Oort cloud are heated to scientifically significant temperatures by passing stars and supernovae, says Stern. More recently, researchers are finding that comets in the Kuiper Belt are heavily damaged by collisions.

“It also now seems inevitable that most comets from the Kuiper Belt, though constructed of ancient material, cannot themselves be ancient -- instead they must be 'recently' created chips off larger Kuiper Belt Objects, formed as a result of violent impacts,” says Stern. “This is truly a paradigm shift. Many of the short-period comets we see aren't even ancient!”

The classical view that comets do not evolve while they are stored far from the sun in the Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt began to change as far back as the 1970s, but the pace of discoveries about the way comets evolve picked up considerably in the 1980s and 1990s.

As a result of these findings, astronomers now better appreciate that comets, though still the most pristine bodies known, have been modified in several important ways since their birth, says Stern.

The realization that comets evolve during their long storage in the Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt provides insight and context to more confidently evaluate the results of astronomical and space mission observations of comets. So, too, it suggests that cometary sample return missions now on the drawing board for NASA should employ relatively deep subsurface sampling if truly pristine, ancient material is to be collected.

GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：法国二月革命

12. .法国二月革命 B 9304

In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris—July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871—there exists at least a sketch of participants’ backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other “successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

12.1. According to the passage, “a useful description of participants” (lines 11-12) exists for which of the following insurrections of nineteenth-century France?

I. The July Insurrection of 1830

II. The February Revolution of 1848

III. The June insurrection of 1848

IV. The May insurrection of 1871

(A) I and III only

(B) II and IV only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

12.2. It can be inferred from the passage that support for the objectives of the February Revolution was

(A) negligible

(B) misguided

(D) spontaneous

(E) widespread

12.3. Which of the following, best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

(A) The thesis of the passage is stated and supporting evidence systematically presented.

(B) Two views regarding the thesis presented in the first paragraph are compared and contrasted.

(D) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically supported.

(E) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is further defined and a conclusion drawn.

12.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a revolutionary mobilization?

(A) A comprehensive theory of revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century

(B) Awareness of the events necessary for a revolution to be successful

(D) The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time

(E) Knowledge of the socioeconomic backgrounds of a revolution’s participants

12.5. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers” referred to in line 49?

(A) Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution’s participants.

(B) The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the revolution’s leaders in their personal memoirs.

(D) Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.

(E) The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.

12.6. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in lines 38-39?

(A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.

(B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily.

(D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.

(E) The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.

12.7. With which of the following statements regarding revolution would the author most likely agree?

(A) Revolutionary mobilization requires a great deal of planning by people representing disaffected groups.

(B) The objectives of the February Revolution were more radical than those of the June insurrection.

(D) Revolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records that they produce.

(E) As knowledge of the February Revolution increases, chances are good that its importance will eventually eclipse that of the June insurrection.

答案：DEDEABD

GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：小说Mary Barton

13. 小说Mary Barton A 9604

Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of the industrial worker in the England of the 1840’s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and a transcription (again annotated) of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.

As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families’ emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D. H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.

The chapter “Old Alice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters—about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see; about Job Legh, intent on his impaled insects—capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.

13.1. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?

(A) Uncritical enthusiasm

(B) Unresolved ambivalence

(D) Resigned acceptance

(E) Mild irritation

13.2. According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D. H. Lawrence share which of the following?

(A) Depiction of the feelings of working-class families

(B) Documentary objectivity about working-class circumstances

(D) Imaginatively structured plots about working-class characters

(E) Experimental prose style based on working-class dialect

13.3. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?

(A) An entomologist who collected butterflies as a child

(B) A small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photography

(D) A city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building

(E) A union organizer who works in a textile mill under dangerous conditions

13.4. It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of industrialism” (lines 46-47) for many members of the English working class in the nineteenth century?

(A) Extortionate food prices

(B) Geographical displacement

(D) Alienation from fellow workers

(E) Dissolution of family ties

13.5. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had

(A) concentrated on the emotions of a single character

(B) made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge

(D) grown up in an industrial city

(E) managed to transcend her position as an outsider

13.6. Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase “this aspect of Mary Barton” in line 29 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?

(A) the material details in an urban working-class environment

(B) the influence of Mary Barton on lawrence’s early work

(D) the extent of the poverty and physical suffering among England’s industrial workers in the 1840’s

(E) the portrayal of the particular feelings and responses of working-class characters

13.7. The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the following EXCEPT:

(A) insightful

(B) meticulous

(D) poignant

(E) lyrical

KEY: CADBEEE

GRE阅读高频机经原文：彗星的pristine relics

篇2：GRE阅读机经到底有没有用

GRE阅读机经到底有没有用?

GRE阅读机经如果使用得当，可以对于GRE考试成绩有一定程度的提高。如果是一个水平不高的GRE考试者，利用机经则有可能使你的成绩轻松提高数十分，即使是高手也能有稳定情绪节约时间的效果。GRE阅读机经是通过对机经的回忆而整合出来的资料库性质的复习材料。既然是机经回忆，研究GRE阅读机经肯定会对熟悉考试内容有所帮助。

但是，GRE阅读机经毕竟是靠回忆得来的资料，难免会存在一些误差和失真，比如题目的不完整，答案也因人而异，值得商榷和斟酌。由于GRE题库中题目的会重复出现，所以在考场上看到阅读机经的几率是大大存在的。

GRE阅读机经正确使用方法介绍

小编需要特别提醒大家的是，不建议考生完全依赖于GRE机经备考，更不能只靠死背记住机经答案就觉得考试万无一失了。考生还是应该以理解题目、熟悉出题思路和解答方法作为主要突破口进行机经的学习和研究。具体来说，考生看阅读机经，主要还是了解一下文章所讲的内容，对于题目会考到的一些细节留意其原文所在位置，还有主旨题态度题等涉及到的相关内容也要留下一定影响。但大家千万不要花功夫去把具体每道题目选哪个选项都背下来，因为考试中即使遭遇到也很少会原样照搬。如果只是死记硬背下了答案，考试题目稍稍做些改动就可能会让你反受其害，所谓机经反噬正是如此。

不要把机经当成投机取巧救命稻草

虽然GRE阅读机经会为你的备考带来一定的便利，但正如很多GRE老师和考生都总结过的，GRE机经可以帮你，但救不了你。GRE考试说到底还是考察考生的综合实力，如果底子打不好，基础不扎实，想要靠着机经投机取巧搞定考试是不现实的。同学们还应该以平时的备考练习为主，脚踏实地的积累实力，为考试做好充分的准备，在这个基础上学习参考GRE阅读机经，才能让其发挥出最大的价值。

关于GRE阅读机经的价值小编就为大家分析到这里，希望大家能有比较全面的认识和了解，并在此基础上正确使用，为备考带来一些帮助。

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

Dance critic from Europe: The improved quality of ballet in the United States is the result of more Europeans' teaching ballet in the United States than ever before. I know the proportion of teachers who were born and trained in Europe has gone up among ballet teachers in the United States, because last year, on my trip to New York, more of the ballet teachers I met were from Europe-born and trained there -than ever before.

Which of the following identifies a questionable assumption made by the dance critic's reasoning?

(A) The argument overlooks the possibility that some ballet teachers in the United States could have been born in Europe but trained in the United States.

(B) The argument assumes that the ballet teachers whom the critic met last year on the critic's trip to New York were a generally typical group of such teachers.

(C) The argument assumes that the teaching of ballet in the United States is superior to the teaching of ballet in Europe

(D) Other possible reasons for the improved mental attitudes of United States dancers are not examined.

(E) The argument assumes that dancers born and trained in Europe are typically more talented than dancers born and trained in the United States.

对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那么，要比采取题海战术更好。

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works, and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature. A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong. Brandon was 63 years old in 1930, yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man-obviously Brandon, but clearly not a man of 63.

Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the conclusion to be properly drawn?

(A) There is no securely dated self-portrait of Brandon that he painted when he was significantly younger than 63.

(B) In refraining from dating his works, Brandon intended to steer critical discussion of them away from considerations of chronology.

(D) Brandon at age 63 would not have portrayed himself in a painting as he had looked when he was a young man.

(E) Brandon painted several self-portraits that showed him as a man past the age of 60.

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.

The passage above emphasizes which of the following points about mediators?

(A) They should try to form no opinions of their own about any issue that is related to the dispute.

(B) They should not agree to serve unless they are committed to maintaining a stance of impartiality.

(D) They should feel free to take sides in the dispute right from the start, provided that they make their biases publicly known.

(E) They should reserve the right to abandon their impartiality so as not to be open to the charge of having been deceitful.

Explanation

By pointing out the consequences of abandoning impartiality, the paragraph points out the importance for mediators of maintaining impartiality at all times. This is the point made in Choice B, which is therefore the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect, because it goes further than anything asserted in the passage. The passage does not rule out the possibility that one can have an opinion about issues related to a dispute without taking sides in the actual dispute. Choice C is incorrect because it is a presupposition on which the passage is based rather than the point of the passage; that is, the fact that the mediator is acceptable to both parties is a given, since they both ask the mediator to serve. Choices D and E are both inconsistent with the main point of the passage, the importance of impartiality at all times, so both are incorrect.

攻破新GRE逻辑阅读

To protect beachfront buildings from ocean storms, ocean resorts have built massive seawalls between beaches and the buildings. Not only do the seawalls block off some buildings' ocean view, but the beaches themselves become ever narrower, because sand can no longer creep inland as storms erode it at the water's edge.

If the information is correct, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported on the basis of it?

(A) Since the ferocity of ocean storms is increasing, increasingly high seawalls must be built between beaches and beachfront property.

(B) Even when beaches are heavily used by people, they are necessary to the survival of the many wild species that use them.

(C) Seawalls constructed to protect beachfront buildings will not themselves eventually be damaged by storms and will not require, if they are to protect the buildings, expensive repair or replacement.

(D) The conservation of beaches for future generations should be the overriding goal of shore management at ocean coasts.

(E) Trying to protect beachfront buildings by constructing seawalls is counterproductive in the long run for an oceanfront community wishing to maintain itself as a beach resort.

对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那要比采取题海战术更好。

篇3：托福阅读机经原文

文明衰落引起很多人的研究兴趣。其中一个理论是认为高强度的农业造成了生态系统的崩溃：玛雅人口的数量和密度都比较大，为了供养这些人口，玛雅人从事高强度的农业，对土地施加的压力越来越大，最终造成生态系统极其脆弱，在不可预知的气候变化来临时崩溃了。也有人认为人口与农业只是导火索，更加直接的使得玛雅文明灭绝的原因在于食物短缺：因为玛雅农业主要依靠一种在沼泽里抬起来的高地系统，一年四季都可以进行农业生产，因为流失的土壤营养可以通过高地周围的水渠底部挖泥，再把泥巴堆回到高地而循环获取，前提条件是水渠里必须有稳定的水位，而严重的干旱大大降低了水位使得高地农田系统不再起作用，这是天灾，有地质证据证明，玛雅文明消失和历史一次大干旱时间相同;除此之外也有人祸，玛雅各城邦猛烈竞争，竞相修建起纪念碑，耗费了大量的人力物力，使得农业生产充满压力。

篇4：托福阅读机经原文

按照学术文章的常见思路打开：引出学术话题(一万年前北美巨型哺乳动物大量灭绝)，提出假说(人类的过度猎杀所致overhunting)，进而对假说证据的寻找，然后又说这个说法太简单了，肯定还有别的原因，比如气候干旱，和最终假说破绽的指出(同时代被人类过度猎杀的野牛bison却没有灭绝，一直持续到了19世纪，所以单靠人类猎杀不足以导致灭绝);于是提出另一假说，进入同样的循环证明的过程。