剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)

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篇1：剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案

剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test3)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.

B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’

D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.

E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.

F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.

G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.

H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television — as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again — that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1 the location of the first cinema

2 how cinema came to focus on stories

3 the speed with which cinema has changed

4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures

5 the attraction of actors in films

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.

7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.

8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.

9 Storylines were important in very early cinema.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate

A the simplicity of early films.

B the impact of early films.

C how short early films were.

D how imaginative early films were.

11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

A aims to impress its audience.

B tells stories better than books.

C illustrates the passing of time.

D describes familiar events.

12 When cinema first began, people thought that

A it would always tell stories.

B it should be used in fairgrounds.

C its audiences were unappreciative.

D its future was uncertain.

13 What is the best title for this passage?

A The rise of the cinema star

B Cinema and novels compared

C The domination of Hollywood

D The power of the big screen

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.

Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Ensure the reward system is fair

ii Match rewards to individuals

iii Ensure targets are realistic

iv Link rewards to achievement

v Encourage managers to take more responsibility

vi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time

vii Establish targets and give feedback

viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

Example Answer

Key Point One Viii

14 Key Point Two

15 Key Point Three

16 Key Point Four

17 Key Point Five

18 Key Point Six

Motivating Employees under

Adverse Conditions

THE CHALLENGE

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.

Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

KEY POINT ONE

There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

KEY POINT TWO

The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

KEY POINT THREE

Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

KEY POINT FOUR

Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

KEY POINT FIVE

Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

KEY POINT SIX

The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.

Questions 19-24

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?

In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.

20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.

21 High achievers are well suited to team work.

22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.

23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.

24 Employees’ earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.

Questions 25-27

Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.

Match each group with the correct description, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.

25 high achievers

26 clerical workers

27 production workers

List of Descriptions

A They judge promotion to be important.

B They have less need of external goals.

C They think that the quality of their work is important.

D They resist goals which are imposed.

E They have limited job options.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.

Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.

The benefits of caloric restriction

The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.

The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.

calorie: a measure of the energy value of food

The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.

How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.

Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.

Questions 28-32

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.

29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.

30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.

31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.

32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter liver than rats on a low-calorie diet.

Questions 33-37

Classify the following descriptions as relating to

A caloric-restricted monkeys

B control monkeys

C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.

34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.

35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.

36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.

37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.

Questions 38-40

Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

CR mimetic

Less 38..............is processed

Production of ATP is decreased

Theory 1: Theory 2:

Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on 40..............because

fewer 39..............are emitted food is in short supply

剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test3)

PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

A 一百多年前，在1895年12月8日，吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号向100名买票人场的观众放映了他们制作的电影。在目瞪口呆、惊恐颤抖的观众面前，一张张照片活动起来并在平面的银幕上穿梭而过。

B 看电影对于我们来说是司空见惯的事，所以要理解这些活动的画面最初产生的影响，想象力非得来次巨大的飞跃不可。然而这值得一试，因为理解了这些影像最初带来的震撼，就可以理解电影非同寻常的力量和魔力，理解为什么电影具有独特而迷人的品质。正是这种品质，使电影成为20世纪最具有活力和感染力的艺术形式。

C 吕米埃兄弟的早期电影作品之一是一部30秒长的短片，表现了一段沐浴在阳光下的火车月台的场景。一辆火车出现了，并且直冲镜头开来。这就是电影的全部。然而，杰出的电影艺术家俄罗斯导演安德列·塔科夫斯基却称其为“天才之作”。他写道：“随着火车不断驶近，影院里呈现出一片慌恐的景象：人们跳离座位，四散而逃。就在这一刻，电影宣告诞生。恐惧的观众无法相信他们看到的仅仅是一幅图画。图画是静止的，只有现实中的事物才会运动;因此，这一定是现实。在疑惑迷茫之中，观众担心一列真正的火车将会把他们轧得粉身碎骨。”

D 早期的电影观众们经常会有同样的迷茫。随着时间的推移，电影这一概念为人们所熟知，电影的魔力也广为人们接受，但电影的魔力并没有因此而消失。电影不断地以其独特的力量去感染观众并将他们带人一个不同寻常的世界。对塔科夫斯基而言，魔力的关键在于电影所创造的表现方式是以动态的影像来反映真实事件的进展。静止的图画仅仅暗示了时间的存在，而小说中的时间则在读者的幻想中不断延伸。然而，电影却捕捉了真实而客观的时间流动。

E 这种现实性的作用之一是使世界去了解自身。因为电影将世界缩小。早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式。至少在虚构的电影世界中，记录的绝大多数是美国人的生活。从电影业发展初期至今，好莱坞一直占据着世界电影市场的统治地位。汽车、城市和牛仔这些美国形象已经成为电影中的主要形象。电影将美国人的生活方式和价值观念传播到了全世界。

F同时，正是由于电影的帮助，相对于其他时代，我们的后代将对20世纪了解得更为清楚。对于14世纪或者古希腊的生活状况，我们只能想象。但现代世界的生活方式已经被电影事无巨细地大量记录下来。后人对我们这一代的了解将会比对任何前人的了解更加透彻。

G“影星”是电影带来的另一个产物。实际上，影星这一概念出现于19。电影人物触手可及，这使他们必然显得无比真实。对于我们而言，影星们似乎比我们自身更为真实，因此我们可以如此近距离地观察他们，而县好像世界上的每个人都认识他们。作为人类自身的放大，影星是电影留下的最不可思议而又最持久的影响。

H 电影也赋予小说故事新的生命。当吕米埃兄弟和其他先驱者初次展示电影这项新发明时，他们根本不淸楚该怎样应用它。最初重要的只是影像能活动。的确，有些人就断言，一旦新奇感消失，电影就会逐渐淡出人们的视线。它只不过是一种暂时流行的小玩意儿，或是露天市场上的“杂耍”而已。

I 例如，电影原本可能变成一种以纪录片为主的形式，或者可能像电视那样发展，成为传输音乐、信息和故事的怪异而喧闹的工具。然而，事实是，电影已经成为一种叙事的主要媒介。最初讲述的都是短小的故事，因为早期制作者们怀疑观众顶多只能集中精力去看完一卷胶片。后来，一部长达两个小时的意大利电影在19获得了巨大的成功，从此好莱坞电影就开始采用这种新的叙事长度。至今，这一形式依然在电影界保持着惯例式的统治地位。

J 而这一切都发生得如此迅速。令人几乎难以置信的是，距离那辆火车到站时，观众们认为所看到的是危险的现实而尖叫不止、四散奔逃的景象，只不过一百年的时间。或许，人们意识到世界已经发生了彻底的改变，而且可能会变得比现实更加美好、光明、惊人和真实。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

在逆境中激励员工挑战

THE CHALLENGE

挑战

在不断壮大的企业中激励员工要比在日益衰落的企业中容易得多。当企业扩大经营和增加员工人数时，晋升机会增多，薪酬提高，而且加人一家充满活力的企业所带来的振奋感也会产生乐观向上的情绪。管理层能够利用企业的发展来吸引和鼓舞员工。当企业衰退时，流动性最强的优秀员工就会主动离开。不幸的是，这些才能出众、经验丰富的员工正是企业最不能失去的人才。表现平庸的员工坚持留下，因为可供他们选择的职位有限。

员工的士气在企业衰退期也会下降。人们担心自己或许就是下一个被解雇的人。生产率通常有所下降，因为员工宁愿将时间花费在传播谣言和相互提供精神支持上，也不愿意专注于工作。对工作稳定的人而言，加薪几乎是不可能的。在企业发展时期闻所未闻的减薪，此时甚至也会强制实施。管理层所面对的挑战是如何在企业衰退期激励员工。迎接这一挑战的方法可以大致分为下列六个关键点。

KEY POINT ONE

关键点一

大量证据表明，切实做到人尽其才能够激发工作动力。例如，小型企业或大型企业中自主单位的经营者，应当由业绩杰出者担任。但是，如果空缺的是大型官僚机构的管理职位，则应当选择对权力需求髙而对关系需求低的人选。相应地，不能为业绩杰出者安排与其需求不一致的工作。只有当职位能够提供具有一定挑战性的目标，具有独立性，并提供反馈时，他们才会全力以赴地工作。然而，我们应当牢记并不是每个人都会被独立性强、形式多样和责任要求高的工作所激励。

KEY POINT TWO

关键点二

目标设定理论的相关文献提出，管理者们必须确保所有的员工都有明确的目标并且能够在实现该目标的过程中获得评价。追求卓越成就的人是所有企业中具有代表性的少数群体，对于他们而言，外部目标的存在并不十分重要，因为业绩杰出者已具有极强的内在动机。下一个要决定的因素是目标应由管理者指定，还是应由全体员工共同设定。答案取决于人们对目标的接受程度和企业文化。如果有可能出现对目标的抵制，在设定S标时鼓励员工参与就会提高接受的程度。然而，如果这种参与和企业文化相矛盾，则应当指定目标。如果参与和企业文化不一致，员工则有可能认为自己在参与过程中被操纵，并且受到负面影响。

KEY POINT THREE

关键点三

无论目标是否能够实现，也无论目标是否在管理层认定的员工能力范围之内，只要员工们认为无法实现目标，他们就不会那么努力。因此，管理者必须确保员工相信他们的努力会使绩效目标实现。对于管理者而言，这意味着员工必须能够胜任工作，而且必须承认(绩效)评估流程的有效性。

KEY POINT FOUR

关键点四

由于员工们有不同的需求，所以对一个人产生强化效果的事物对于另一个人而言未必适用。在其控制范围内，管理者可以根据对不同员工的了解给予他们相应的奖励。管理者们可给予员工的奖励主要包括薪酬、晋升、自主权、业务范围和深度，以及参与目标设定和决策的机会。

KEY POINT FIVE

关键点五

管理者需要将奖励与绩效挂钩。除工作表现之外，对于其他方面的奖励只会使这些方面得到加强。诸如加薪和晋升这样的主要奖励应在员工实现特定目标后给予。与最大化奖励效果相一致，管理者应当设法增加奖励的公开性。例如，通过公示员工工资数目来消除薪酬的保密状态;公布绩效奖金数额;一次性支付年薪的增加额，而不是将其在全年中分别发放;这些方法可以增加奖励的公开性和潜在激励性。

KEY POINT SIX

关键点六

奖励的分配方式必须透明，使员工认识到奖励或成果是公平并且与特定投人相对等的。简而言之，经验、才能，努力及其他主要的投人应当体现在薪酬、职责和其他主要产出的差异方面。然而，问题之所以复杂，不仅是因为投人与产出有多种形式，而且还因为各员工群体对它们的重视程度不同。比如，一项究在比较行政工作人员和生产工人之后，确定了近二十种投人与产出的形式。行政工作人员基本上最重视所做工作的质量和业务知识等因素，但这正是生产工人们最不重视的。同样，生产工人们认为最重要的投人是才智和任务完成过程中的个人参与，而这两个因素在行政工作人员的重要性等级排名中则十分靠后。产出方面也有一些同样重要但不很明显的差异。例如，生产工人认为晋升非常重要，但行政工作人员却将晋升排到了重要性列表中的后三位。上述发现表明，一个人认为是公平的事物对于另一个人而言可能是不公平的。因此，理想的方式或许应当针对不同员工群体权衡不同的投人与产出。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

寻找抗衰老药

在政府实验室等地，科学家们正在寻找能够延长生命和保持青春活力的药物。有关热量限制的研究为我们指明了出路。

衰老问题的研究者们最近指出，目前市面上还没有任何疗法证明可以延缓人类衰老。衰老是一种随着年龄增长，人体内分子与细胞损伤的累积导致人越来越虚弱的现象。然而，有一种干预措施对许多动物都十分有效，那就是低热量且营养均衡的饮食，它会延长实验动物的寿命并维系健康。这些研究结果表明，限制热量的摄取可能也会延缓衰老，延长人类的寿命。

不幸的是，若想达到最佳效果，人们大概需要减少约30%卡路里的摄人量，相当于从每天2500大卡降低到1750大卡。很少有人能够坚持这样严格的养生之道，尤其是年复一年这样做。但能不能制造出一种药来模拟限食的生理效应，而又不需要强迫人们少吃东西呢?这种被我们称为“限食拟药”的药片是否能让人们长久保持健康，延缓老年疾病(比如糖尿病、动脉硬化症、心脏病及癌症)的发生，直到更老的时候?科学家们早在20世纪90年代中期就提出了这个问题，此前研究者们偶然发现了一种化学药剂，该药剂似乎可以在啮齿动物身上产生限制热量摄取的许多好处。至今我们还没有发现能够安全应用到人类身上并达到同样功效的药物，但研究经验助燃了希望之火，令我们相信，限食拟药终究会研制出来的。

The benefits of caloric restriction

限制能量摄入的好处

寻找限食拟药的动机是我们想更多地了解限制热量摄取对身体的影响。科学家们早在60多年前就已经认识到限制热量摄人的益处。当时，他们发现被喂食低热量食物的鼠类平均寿命长于自由摄取食物的鼠类，而且也更少患鼠类衰老时的常见病。除此之外，食用低热食物的鼠类活得比对照组中最老的鼠类还要长，这表明不仅是平均寿命，连最大寿命(可活的最大年龄)也增加了。尽管抗感染药物等各种干预方法也可以增加种群的平均寿命，但只有通过降低身体衰老速率才能增加最大寿命。

鼠类的实验结果已经重复过多次，而且对酵母菌、果蝇、蠕虫、鱼、蜘蛛、小鼠及仓鼠的实验也都有同样的结果。迄今，这类研究针对的都只是与人类基因相去甚远的短命生物，然而，正在进行中的研究采用了恒河猴与松鼠猴这两种更接近人类的物种做实验对象，这使科学家们乐观地相信限食拟药可以帮助人类。

对这些猴类的研究证实，比起正常饮食的对照组动物，限制热量摄人组猴子的体温和胰岛素浓度都较低，而且某些随年龄增长而降低的荷尔蒙在他们体内仍维持在年轻时的水平。

在与衰老有关的疾病风险指数方面，这些热量摄人受限的动物看起来也更加健康。例如，它们的血压与甘油三酸酷含量都比较低(表示得心脏病的可能性较小)，血糖浓度也比较正常(表示得糖尿病的风险较低，糖尿病的特征是高于常规的血糖浓度)。此外，有关研究最近指出，长期限制热量摄人(将近)的恒河猴患慢性病的几率也较低。但想要知道限制热量摄人是否会延长猴类的平均寿命和最长寿命，我们还必须对这些恒河猴以及其他猴类做更长时间的跟踪研究。与众多被吹捧为最新抗衰老疗法的长生不老药不同，限食拟药会改变衰老的基本进程。我们的目标是研制出能够欺骗细胞进人保养与修复状态的药物。

How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

限食拟药如何完成任务

研究得最多、也是最有可能的限食拟药是2DG(2-去氧-D-葡萄糖)，它是通过影响细胞中葡萄糖的代谢过程而发挥作用的。实验发现，达到某一剂量时，2DG会对动物产生毒性，所以无法应用到人类身上。尽管如此，这表明有些化学药物的确可以模拟热量摄人受限的效果;关键在于如何找到合适的药物。

细胞利用食物中的葡萄糖制造ATP(三磷酸腺苷)，该分子为身体的许多活动提供能量。通过限制食物的摄取量，可使进人细胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此减少ATP的生成量。当食量正常的实验动物服用2DG时，葡萄糖大量进人细胞，但2DG会阻止大部分葡萄糖的代谢，因而降低ATP的合成量。研咳嗽碧岢隽思钢炙捣ǎ馐臀裁捶涟咸烟谴挥階TP合成可以延级衰老。其中一种说法与ATP生成过程中自由基的释放有关，人们认为自由基会损伤细胞，因此导致衰老以及像癌症这类与衰老有关的疾病。减少ATP生成机制的运作次数可以限制自由基的数量，从而减少细胞受到的伤害。另一种假设认为，葡萄糖代谢的降低让细胞以为食物不足(即使事实并非如此)，而促使细胞进人抗衰老的状态，这种状态着重的是机体本身的维持，而不是生长或繁殖这类“奢侈活动”。

剑桥雅思阅读6原文解析(test3)

Passage 1

Question 1

答案： A

关键词：location/ first cinema

定位原文: A段第1句“The Lumière Brothers opened…”

解题思路: 吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……，正确答案为A。

Question 2

答案：I

关键词：focus on stories

定位原文: I段第3句“But what happened…”

解题思路: 然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。正确答案是I。

Question 3

答案： J

关键词：speed…has changed

定位原文: J段第1句“And it has…”

解题思路: 电影的发展是如此迅速。对应J选项。

Question 4

答案：E

关键词：teaches…other cultures

定位原文: E段第3句“Long before people…”

解题思路: 早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式，答案是E。

Question 5

答案：G

关键词：attraction of actors

定位原文: G段第1句“The ‘star’ was…”

解题思路: 明星是电影随之带来的另一个自然产物。这句话和题干表达的意思一致。

Question 6

答案：YES

关键词：first audiences reacted to the cinema

定位原文: B段第2句“But it is worth trying…”

解题思路: worth 与 important 属于同义表达。

Question 7

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词：train, the greatest films

定位原文: C段第3句“…described the film…”

解题思路: 相关定位处只是说到俄罗斯导演形容电影是天才的作品，并没有评价吕米埃兄弟的作品如何，这个属于未知信息。

Question 8

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词：other countries

定位原文: D段第3句“Film has never…” E段第2句“For cinema makes the world smaller…”

解题思路: 定位区域只是说电影把人们带到了不同的世界，让世界变得更小。题干说展现了偏见，完全与之没有联系。题干信息在文中并没有出现。

Question 9

答案：NO

关键词：very early cinema

定位原文: I 段的第1、2、3句“Cinema might, for example…”

解题思路: 定位句的意思是：例如，电影原本可能变成一种以纪录片为主的形式，或者可能像电视那样发展，成为传输音乐、信息和故事的怪异而喧闹的工具。然而，事实是，电影已经成为一种叙事的主要媒介。题目却说电影的故事情节在早期的电影里非常重要。原文强调其工具手段的意义，题目强调情节的重要性，显然不一致。

Question 10

答案：B

关键词：film of the train

定位原文: C段第4句“As the train…”

解题思路: 塔科夫斯基写道：“随着火车不断驶近，影院里呈现出一片慌恐的景象：人们惊慌失措，四散而逃。就在这一刻，电影宣告诞生。惊恐的观众们无法相信他们看到的仅仅是一部电影……”这就是早起电影制造的效果。

Question 11

答案：C

关键词：Tarkovsky/ the attraction of the cinema

定位原文: D段最后1句“But in cinema…”

解题思路: 然而，电影却能够捕捉真实而客观的时间流动;C选项与其表达一致。

Question 12

答案： D

关键词：first began

定位原文: H段第2到4句“When the…”

解题思路: 当吕米埃兄弟和其他先驱者首先展示电影这项新发明时，他们根本不清楚应当怎样应用它。最初，重要的只是活动的影像。的确，有些人就断言，一旦新奇感消失，电影就会逐渐淡出人们的视线。由此可见，起初人们对电影发展的未来并不明确。

Question 13

答案： D

关键词：cinema/ flat screen

定位原文: 全篇主旨

解题思路：纵观全文，都在大篇幅讲电影，big screen代指电影。

Test 3 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：vii

关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 第1句“The literature on…”

解题思路: 定位句有两个关键词：specific goals和comments on...，分别与vii中的targets和feedback为同义表达转换。

Question 15

答案：iii

关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

定位原文：KEY POINT THREE 第1句“Regardless of whether…”

解题思路: 本段第一句强调必须让员工认为目标可以实现，可以实现的就是现实的，iii的ensure targets are realistic 就是这个意思。

Question 16

答案：ii

关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

定位原文: KEY POINT FOUR第2句“Managers could use…”

解题思路: 在其控制范围内，管理者可以根据对不同员工的了解来给予他们相应的奖励。这里关键是personalise the rewards (将奖励个性化)，即针对不同人给予不同奖励。也就是选项ii所说的 match rewards to individuals (将奖励与个人挂钩)。因此答案是ii。

Question 17

答案：iv

关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 第1句“Managers need to make rewards…”

解题思路: 管理者需要奖励与绩效挂钩; make...contingent on 就是将……联系起来，achievement与performance属于同义表达。

Question 18

答案： i

关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 第1句“The way rewards…” 奖励的分配方式必须透明，使员工认识到奖励或成果是公平并且与特定投人相对等的。

解题思路: reward system就是有关reward问题的集合，包括reward的分配方式，也就是原文中的The way rewards are distributed，而且 fair和 equitable 是同义词，都是“公平”的意思。所以答案是i。

Question 19

答案：NO

关键词：shrinking organization

定位原文: CHALLENGE部分的第4句“When an organisation is shrinking…”

解题思路: 当企业衰退时，流动性最强的优秀员工就会主动离开。不幸的是，这些才能出众、经验丰富的员工正是企业最不能失去的人才。”由此可知，企业衰退时容易流失的是技能熟练的员工。

Question 20

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词：small business/ large business

定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的第2和3句“For example, if the job…”

解题思路: 全文只在这两句话中提到了small business和large business，由原文意思可见，作者并没有比较二者管理的难易度，所以对该题干句，应填NOT GIVEN。

Question 21

答案： NO

关键词：high achievers

定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的最后两句“High achievers will…”

解题思路: 只有其职业能够带来具有一定挑战性的目标、独立性和反馈时，业绩杰出者才会全力以赴地工作。这里“独立性”是关键词。而团队工作往往意味着团队内各个成员间相互依赖，所以题干意思与原文意思截然相反。

Question 22

答案：YES

关键词：participate / goal-setting

定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的最后1句“If participation and…”

解题思路: 如果参与机制与企业文化不一致，员工则有可能认为自己在参与过程中被操纵，并且受到负面影响。虽然题干没有写出这个“如果”的条件，但是用了some，相当于限定了范围。feel manipulated与perceive ...as manipulative是同一个意思。所以此题干与原文意思一致。

Question 23

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词：appraisal process

定位原文: KEY POINT THREE 的最后1句“For managers…”

解题思路: 对于管理者而言，这意味着员工必须能够胜任工作，而且必须承认(绩效)评估流程的有效性。是全文唯一提及appraisal process的句子，可以看出并没有题干所表述的意思，所以答案是 NOT GIVEN。

Question 24

答案： YES

关键词：employees’ earnings

定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 的最后1句“...by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicizing performance bonuses...”

解题思路: openly communicating, publicise和disclose是同义表达，所以题干的说法是正确的。

Question 25

答案： B

关键词：high achievers

定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的第2句“… the existence of external goals…”

解题思路: 因为外部目标对业绩杰出者并不十分重要，所以他们不大需要外部目标。所以正确答案为B。

Question 26

答案： C

关键词：clerical workers

定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 的第5句“The clerical workers…”

解题思路: 行政工作人员将工作表现质量和业务知识等因素排在名单前列。既然把quality of work排在前列，肯定认为这点很重要，所以正确答案是C。

Question 27

答案：A

关键词：production workers

定位原文：KEY POINT SIX 的倒数第2句“For example, production…”

解题思路：例如，生产工人认为晋升非常重要。advancement 与 promotion 是同义表达，生产工人把这点排在很髙的位置，说明他们认为这点很重要。

Test 3 Passage 3

Question 28

答案： NO

关键词：drugs available today/ growing old

定位原文: 第1段第1句“As researchers on aging…”

解题思路: 衰老问题的研究者们最近指出，目前市面上还没有任何疗法证明可以延缓人类衰老。“任何疗法”包含药物，所以“目前没有疗法能延缓衰老”就意味着目前没有药物可以延缓衰老。

Question 29

答案：YES

关键词： eating fewer calories/ extend human life

定位原文: 第1段最后1句“Those findings suggest…”

解题思路: 这些研究结果表明，限制热量的摄取可能也会延缓衰老，延长人类寿命。” scientific evidence与findings是近义词，所以符合题干。

Question 30

答案：YES

关键词： caloric-restricted

定位原文: 第2段第2句“Few mortals could…”

解题思路: 很少有人能够坚持这样严格的养生之道，喜欢的才能坚持，既然不能坚持，肯定是觉得不够attractive。

Question 31

答案：NOT GIVEN

关键词：diet-related diseases

定位原文: 无定位原文

解题思路: 原文没有提到这个信息，所以是NOT GIVEN。

Question 32

答案：YES

关键词：rats

定位原文: 第3段第2句“… rats fed a low-calorie diet lived…”

解题思路: 被喂食低热量食物的鼠类平均寿命长于自由摄取食物的鼠类”，这里关键是知道free-feeding与ate what they wanted是同义表达。

Question 33

答案：A

关键词： less likely / diabetic

定位原文: 第6段第2句“...they have more normal blood…( pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes)” 血糖浓度也比较正常(表示得糖尿病的风险较低)。

解题思路: 这句话阐述的是calorie-restricted animal的情况，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情况，所以正确答案是A。

Question 34

答案：B

关键词：more chronic disease

定位原文: 第6段第3句“Further, it has recently…”

解题思路: 此外，有关研究最近指出，长期限制热量摄人(将近15年)的恒河猴患慢性病的几率也较低。rhesus monkeys与control monkeys 比较，前者患慢性病几率低，也就是说后者患慢性病几率高。正确答案是B。

Question 35

答案： C

关键词：a longer than average lifespan

定位原文: 第6段第4句: “They and other monkeys…” 但想要知道限制热量摄人是否会延长猴类的平均寿命和最大寿命，我们还必须对这些恒河猴以及其他猴类做更长时间的跟踪研究。

解题思路: They 指的是calorie-restricted mon?keys s other monkeys指的就是 control monkeys，原文既然说还需更多研究才能知道它们的寿命是否得到延长，也就是说两类猴都还没有表明寿命得到延长。正确答案是C。

Question 36

答案： A

关键词：reduced chance of heart disease

定位原文: 第6段第2句“For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease )…” 例如，它们的血压与甘油三酸酯含量都比较低(表示得心脏病的可能性较小)。

解题思路: 这句话阐述的是calorie-restricted animal的情况，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情况，所以正确答案是A。

Question 37

答案： B

关键词：greater quantities of insulin

定位原文: 第5段(就1句话)“..compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin.”比起正常饮食的对照组动物，限制热量摄人组猴子的体温和胰岛素浓度都较低。

解题思路: 限制热量摄入组的猴子比对照组猴子的胰岛素浓度低，说明其胰岛素分泌量少，故对照组的胰岛素分泌较多。正确答案是B。

Question 38

答案：glucose

关键词：production of ATP is decreased

定位原文: 第8段第2句“By limiting food intake, caloric restriction…” 通过限制食物的摄取量，可使进入细胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此减少ATP的生成量。

解题思路: 通过 minimizes the amount of glucose 和 less … is processed 的同义转换关系很快选出答案应该是glucose。

Question 39

答案： free radicals

关键词：one possibility

定位原文: 第8段第5句“One possibility relates to the ATP-making…” 其中一种说法与ATP生成过程中自由基的释放有关，人们认为自由基会损伤细胞，因此引起衰老以及像癌症这类与衰老有关的疾病。

解题思路: 根据原文，free radicals促进 cancer之类的disease破坏细胞，所以free radicals越少，被疾病破坏的细胞就越少。即题目中给出的部分：cells less damaged by disease，所以答案为free radicals。

Question 40

答案： preservation

关键词： focus on

定位原文: 第8段最后1句“Another hypothesis suggests…” 另一种假设认为，葡萄糖代谢的降低让细胞以为食物不足(即使事实并非如此)，而促使细胞进人抗衰老的状态，这种状态着重的是维持……

解题思路: emphasize与focus on属于同义表达，scarce与in short supply属于同义表达，所以对应答案为preservation。

剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案

篇2：剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Striking Back at Lightning

With Lasers

Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death — out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States’ power grid from lightning strikes. ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.

Bad behaviour

But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. ‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says Bernstein. ‘Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn’t supposed to go.’

And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely — and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.

The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.

A stumbling block

However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.

Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point — and he’s hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support‘ if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.

Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ — not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.

And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.

Questions 1-3

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1 The main topic discussed in the text is

A the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.

B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.

C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.

D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.

2 According to the text, every year lightning

A does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.

B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.

C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.

D damages more than 100 American power companies.

3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New Mexico

A receive funds from the same source.

B are using the same techniques.

C are employed by commercial companies.

D are in opposition to each other.

Questions 4-6

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.

4 EPRI receives financial support from ..................... .

5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used.....................

6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its.....................

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionization by removing electrons from 7 ..................... . This laser is then directed at 8 ..................... in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9..................... . As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10 ..................... .

A cloud-zappers B atoms C storm clouds

D mirrors E technique F ions

G rockets H conductors I thunder

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

No if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.

12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.

13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s system.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The Nature of Genius

There has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens (= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning ‘begetter’, comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the family. In its earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself. Gradually, genius came to represent a person’s characteristics and thence an individual’s highest attributes derived from his ‘genius’ or guiding spirit. Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics.

The concept of genius and of gifts has become part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them. We envy the gifted and mistrust them. In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them. Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many, ‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration.

The nineteenth century saw considerable interest in the nature of genius, and produced not a few studies of famous prodigies. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools. However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, etc., we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time. For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged classes. It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis.

Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point. Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks appear. Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable. There is still much truth in Dr Samuel Johnson’s observation, ‘The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction’. We may disagree with the ‘general’, for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully. Along the continuum of abilities are hundreds of thousands of gifted men and women, boys and girls.

What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own. But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging.

To think of geniuses and the gifted as having uniquely different brains is only reasonable if we accept that each human brain is uniquely different. The purpose of instruction is to make us even more different from one another, and in the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves. But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove unpalatable. We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.

Genius and giftedness are relative descriptive terms of no real substance. We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.

Questions 14-18

Choose FIVE letters, A-K.

Write the correct letters in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB Your answers may be given in any order.

Below are listed some popular beliefs about genius and giftedness.

Which FIVE of these beliefs are reported by the writer of the text?

A Truly gifted people are talented in all areas.

B The talents of geniuses are soon exhausted.

C Gifted people should use their gifts.

D A genius appears once in every generation.

E Genius can be easily destroyed by discouragement.

F Genius is inherited.

G Gifted people are very hard to live with.

H People never appreciate true genius.

I Geniuses are natural leaders.

J Gifted people develop their greatness through difficulties.

K Genius will always reveal itself.

Questions 19-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

19 Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person’s upbringing.

20 Nineteenth-century studies of genius lacked both objectivity and a proper scientific approach.

21 A true genius has general powers capable of excellence in any area.

22 The skills of ordinary individuals are in essence the same as the skills of prodigies.

23 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.

24 Giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research into their true nature so that all talent may be retained for the human race.

25 Geniuses often pay a high price to achieve greatness.

26 To be a genius is worth the high personal cost.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.

Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The biological clock

ii Why dying is beneficial

iii The ageing process of men and women

iv Prolonging your life

v Limitations of life span

vi Modes of development of different species

vii A stable life span despite improvements

viii Energy consumption

ix Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organisms

x Repair of genetic material

Example Answer

Paragraph A v

27 Paragraph B

28 Paragraph C

29 Paragraph D

30 Paragraph E

31 Paragraph F

32 Paragraph G

HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?

A Our life span is restricted. Everyone accepts this as ‘biologically’ obvious. ‘Nothing lives for ever!’ However, in this statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some time or other the object stops working and is unusable (‘death’ in the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?

B Our ‘dead’ products are ‘static’, closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes ‘older’. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously flows. Destruction of old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new, just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water molecules are always different.

C Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new types. Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system — it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.

D Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in life span between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, as with mammoth trees.

E If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like the life span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass. In comparison to the life span this relationship is ‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular organisms).

F Animals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up. Thus they are not able to ‘experience life’ and so they attain a high life span in captivity. Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet). They then may live twice as long as their well fed comrades. Women become distinctly (about 10 per cent) older than men. If you examine the metabolic rates of the two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolic rate roughly accounts for the lower male life span. That means that they live life ‘energetically’ — more intensively, but not for as long.

G It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable and balanced personality. Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self-observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency. Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the life span but is also very healthy. This final aspect should not be forgotten.

Questions 33-36

Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

? Objects age in accordance with principles of 33 .....................and of 34 .....................

? Through mutations, organisms can 35 ..................... better to the environment

? 36 .....................would pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37 The wear and tear theory applies to both artificial objects and biological systems.

38 In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.

39 Within seven years, about 90 per cent of a human body is replaced as new.

40 Conserving energy may help to extend a human’s life.

篇3：剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)

TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 参考译文：

用激光回击闪电

很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了。仅在美国，猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤。云层翻滚而来的时候，在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情，无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标。此外，闪电也会带来财产损失。每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失。

不过，美国和日本的研咳嗽闭诓呋鼗魃恋绲姆桨浮K且芽纪ü笛椴馐灾泻屠妆┑绾傻母髦址椒ā＝衲甓欤墙泵胬妆菏褂门浔傅募す馄魃湎蚩罩械挠暝疲蛊湓谏恋绯鱿种胺诺纭

迫使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法。早在20世纪60年代早期，研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云，以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径。由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所(EPRI)的支持，这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由电力公司资助，现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法。“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方，”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bernstein如此说道。该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量，并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载。

不良行为

虽然火箭在研究中功不可没，但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护。每支火箭造价大约 1,200美元，发射频率有限，而失败率却高达40%。即使它们确实能够引发闪电，事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行。“闪电可不那么听话”，Bernstein说，“它们偶尔会走岔路，射到它们本不该去的地方。”

但不管怎样，有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢? “射上去的肯定会掉下来，”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels现在正在负责一个项目，该项目由ERPI所支持，试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求，因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中。有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入，一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形。

这一系统装置的想法始于大约前，当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力。如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线，就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前，用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。为了防止激光器本身受到电击，不能把它直接对准云层，而是要把它对准一面镜子，让激光通过镜子折射向天空。要在靠近镜子的四周布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护。理想的做法是，云层遥控器(枪)要比较廉价，以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围;另外还要方便携带，以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力。

绊脚石

可是，仍存在巨大的绊脚石。激光器并不方便携带：它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物。Diels一直想要缩小它的体积，并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统。

Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金。Bernstein说：“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”他认为，即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点，而且他也在期待着好消息。Bernstein预言，如果一切顺利，这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”。他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间。

其他科学家也能从中受益。如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”，材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象。Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气，而且能控制天气。“如果我们能使云层放电，我们也许就能左右天气，”他说。

而且也许，Diels说，我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁。“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹，”他说。雷，来自于闪电的冲击波，被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器。一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出，这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。如果运气好的话，在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候，持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

天才的本质

一直以来，天才和神童都倍受人们关注。genius一词源于拉丁语“gens”(=家族);拉丁语词条“genius”意为“父”，来自于罗马早期，当时人们对一种祌明狂热崇拜，并尊其为家族的首领。在genius的最初形态中，它与家族首领——也就是一家之长——永生的能力有关。后来，genius逐渐被用来表示人的特点;再后来，genius便用以指代一个人从他的“父亲”或精神领袖身上所传承的最佳特质。今天，人们仍然醉心于对星相和基因的研究，希望能够通过占星术或遗传学找到出色能力和个人特征的来源。

天才和天赋的概念已经成了民间文化的一部分，但人们对其所持的态度却是矛盾的。我们羡慕天才却不信任他们。在天才的神话里，人们普遍认为：如果人们在某方面很有天赋，那么他们一定会在其他方面有所不足;知识分子往往不切实际;神童过于才华横溢而早早地“泯然众人矣”;天才往往秉性古怪;天才的体质都很孱弱;天才和疯子只有一线之隔;天赋是家族遗传的;天才很聪明，所以不需要任何特别的帮助;天才和高智商是一回事;有些种族比其他人更聪明、更有音乐天赋或更有数学头脑;天才总被埋没, 得不到应有的回报;逆境出英才;天才有责任运用他们的天赋。英语中有很多这样的表达，如：highbrow (自以为文化修养很高的人)，egghead(书呆子)，blue-stocking(女学者)，wiseacre(自以为聪明的人)，know-all(自以为无所不知的人)，boffin(科学家);另外，对于很多人来说intellectual是一个贬义词。

19世纪，人们对于天才的本质表现出相当大的兴趣，而且做了不少针对著名神童的研究。或许现在对于我们来说，大部分对天才的研究中包含以下两个最重要的方面：其一，早期教育中父母和教师对孩子进行的频繁的鼓励和教导对孩子在智力、艺术或音乐方面的发展是有益的，但这也给孩子以后对生活的适应方面带来了巨大的困难;其二，老师和学校常常认识不到孩子所具备的才能。尽管在研究中搜集的轶闻趣事、显著相似点以及例外状况都颇为吸引人，但是，想要利用这些研究得出的证据也有一定困难，因为它们不符合我们今天所谓的常模参照。换句话说，比如当我们在搜集有关早期疾病、养育方式、学校教育等信息时，我们也要考虑到在其他的历史资料中所记载的、关于这种情况在当时有多么普遍或不寻常的信息。例如，当时的婴儿死亡率很高，人的寿命也比今天短得多，家教对于贵族和富裕家庭司空见惯，恃强凌弱和体罚在最好的私立学校里也屡见不鲜，而且大多数的研究对象来自特权阶级。直到20世纪，随着儿科学和心理学的发展，相关研究才得以在更加客观的基础上进行——尽管依然并不总是很科学。

无论如何进行定义，天才只不过是从历史的迷雾之中凸显出来的一座座山峰，只有特定的观察者通过他们特殊的角度才能看到。而改变观察者和视角，拨开些许迷雾，许多不同的山峰出现在眼前。我们用“天才”这个词来指代那些因其出色成就而被我们所认可的人，那些人几乎处在了人类能力连续体的顶端，往下依次是平凡者、平庸者和无能者。Samuel Johnson博士的观察还是颇有道理的：“真正的天才在各方面都拥有着巨大的潜能，很偶然地被决定了向一个特定的方向发展。”但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。但是有一点毋庸置疑：正是偶然的决定培养或触发了他们的才能，使之有了用武之地，让他们可以成功地把自己的能量注入其中。在芸芸众生之中，有能之士成千上万，有男有女，有成人也有孩童。

天才的作品或神童的成就令人欣赏、喜爱和惊叹之处在于其体现了他们的技能和本领，这些技能和本领虽然与我们的相似，但远远高于我们的水平。然而事实可以证明他们的智力和我们的并非迥然不同，比如，像Kepler和Einstein这样的科学家历尽艰辛所取得的科学发现现已成为学童的常识性知识;像Paul Klee 这样的画家所创造的曾经非比寻常的形状和颜色很快就出现在了我们穿着的面料上。当然，这并没有降低天才成就的价值。他们的成就与普通人的相比就好像在四分钟内跑完一英里的运动员之于普通慢跑者一样，前者远远超越了后者。

只有在承认了每个人的大脑都是独特的这一前提下，认为天才和有天赋者的大脑独一无二、异于常人这一想法才能算是合理的。教育的目的就在于使我们更加与众不同，而在受教育的过程中，我们可以从比我们更有天赋的人的成就中学有所得。但是，在效仿天才或鼓励我们的孩子这样做之前，我们应该注意到，从他们身上学到的某些东西结果可能并不令人愉快。我们可能会羡慕他们的成就和名誉，但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价，看到他们的锲而不舍，专心致志，献身精神，自我约束，他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求，以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走成功。

天才和天赋只是具有相对意义的描述性术语，并没有实质内容。我们顶多可以通过对其进行定义并将其置于某一语境中来赋予它们一些准确的意思。但是，无论怎样做，我们都不能蒙蔽自己，认为神童或天才与其他人不一样，只是他们对自己能力表现开发的程度与我们不同而已。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

生物钟如何工作?

A我们的寿命是有限的。每个人都已经接受了这一点，因为从“生物学”角度来讲这是显而易见的。“没有什么会永生! ” 然而，在这句话中，我们想到了那些人造的技术产品，这些产品在使用过程中会产生自然磨损。这就意味着它们终究会有一天停止工作、不能用了(生物学意义上的“死亡”)。但这些技术产品的磨损及功能丧失与生物体的死亡这两者之间真的具有相似性或可比性吗?

B我们所谓“死掉”的产品是指一些“静态的”、封闭的系统。构成物体的基本材料总是会在自然过程中逐渐磨损，变得“老化”。根据物理化学和热力学的规律，在这种情况下老化是必然的。虽然相同的规律也适用于生物体，但这一规律并不会以同样的方式产生不可抗拒的结果。至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新，它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化;生物体是一个开放、动态的系统，新物质会通过这个系统不断流动。因此旧物质的消逝和新物质的形成总是处于永久的动态平衡中。形成生物体的物质不断改变，于是我们体内的旧物质也持续不断地被新物质替换，就像喷泉，它能大体上保持自身的形态和运动状态，但是其中的水分子总是不同的。

C因此，老化和死亡不该被看作是不可避免的，尤其当生物体拥有许多修复机制时。从理论上讲，一个生物体的老化和死亡不是必然的。尽管如此，有限的寿命，衰老，然后死亡构成了生命的基本特征。原因则显而易见：本质上，现存的生物体要么适应环境，要么有规律地被新的物种代替。因为基因物质的变化(突变)，生物体拥有了新的特征，并且个体生命的过程也在考验它们对周围的环境条件是否有最佳的或更好的适应性。永生可能会打乱这个系统，因为它需要为新的、更好的生命提供空间。这就是进化。

D每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命。不同的物种其寿命也有着显著差别，但在同一物种中，这个参数相对恒定。例如，几千年来人类的平均寿命几乎没变。虽然由于医疗服务的发展和营养的改善，越来越多的人达到高龄，但对大多数人来说人类普遍的寿命上限仍是80岁。此外，对抗简单磨损理论的另一个论点认为，生物体老去的时间短则几天(对单细胞生物来说甚至是几小时)，长则几千年，比如巨杉。

E如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征，那么按照逻辑我们就有必要提出这样一个观点：生物体内存在一个内部时钟，这个时钟以某种方式测量和控制着衰老的进程，并且最终决定这一固定程序的最后一步：死亡。就像寿命，对于不同的生物体，其代谢速率跟体重有一个固定的数据关系。同寿命相比，这个关系是“反向的”：生物体体重越大，其代谢速率越低。另外，这个关系不仅适用于鸟类，由于系统单元内的情况大体类似，因此也适用于其他所有生物体(植物、动物、单细胞生物)。

F那些在能量消耗方面比较“节约”的动物寿命尤其长，例如鳄鱼和乌龟。鹦鹉和猛禽经常被锁链栓着，因此往往不能“体验生活”，于是在圈养状态下获得了较长的寿命。有些能通过冬眠或嗜睡来保存能量的动物(例如蝙蝠或刺猬)通常比那些总是很活跃的动物活得更长久。老鼠的代谢速率可以通过减少食物消耗量(饥饿饮食法)来降低，他们的寿命可能比那些平日吃饱喝足的同类寿命长一倍。另外，女性的寿命很明显比男性的寿命长(大约10%)。如果研究两性的代谢速率，你会发现男性代谢速率较高，这就意味着男性的寿命较短，也就是说他们在生活中比较耗费能量——比女性活动更为剧烈，但生命持续的时间没有女性长。

G从上面的讨论可以看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。极端的剧烈运动可能会让心血管功能达到最佳状态，但肯定不会延长寿命。放松下来可以降低代谢率，而充足的睡眠及大体平和的性格也会起到相同的作用。只要进行一些自我观察、严格的自我控制，尤其重要的是保持逻辑连贯性，我们每个人都能发展自己的“节能程序”。经验表明这样的生活方式不仅能够延年益寿，而且非常健康。最后这点绝对不要忘记。

篇4：剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)

Passage 1

Question 1

答案： D

关键词： main topic

定位原文: 文章标题

解题思路: 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”，因此答案是 D 选项,意思为 “一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”，属于对标题的同义替换。

Question 2

答案： A

关键词： every year lightening

定位原文：第1段内容

解题思路：本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可定位于第一段。B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原文 in the United States 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对;D中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。通过对第一段的概括,可以知道闪电带来的影响是非常大的, 因此答案是 A。

Question 3

答案： A

关键词： University of Florida, University of New Mexico

定位原文：第三段和第五段内容

解题思路：题目问的是 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 的研究员的关系。通过 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 分别定位至第三段和第五段。对两处论述进行对比,不难得出两者共同之处是“从同一来源获得经费”，都是 EPRI。答案是 A。

Question 4

答案： power companies

关键词： EPRI, financial support

对应原文：第3段第4句“EPRI, which is funded…”

解题思路：用EPRI定位到文章第三段，EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的，原文中的funded 等同于题干中的 receives financial support from, 因此答案应该填power companies。注意不要写成单数。

Question 5

答案： safely

关键词： Diels, advantage

定位原文：第5段第3句“...to try to use lasers to…”

解题思路：用人名Diels在文中定位到第五段，从题目看出这里应填入一个副词，所以可以在人名周围寻找 use或者use的替换词，并且在其周围找带有-ly形式的词，这样正确答案safely很快就能浮出水面了。

Question 6

答案: size

关键词: difficulty, laser equipment

定位原文: 第7段第1、2句“…The laser is no nifty…”

解题思路：这道题目的定位稍微有一些困难，需要将 difficulty一词与文章中的stumbling block联系起来，进而找到第七段中的laser一词。文中提到，该激光设备并不方便携带，它是个体积占据了一整间房间的庞然大物。看到这里，通过理解，考生们可以想到激光设备最大的问题就是体积太大，不好携带，所以正确答案是size。

Question 7

答案： B

关键词： removing electrons

定位原文：第6段第1句“...to extract electrons out…”

解题思路：本题关键是要理解题目中的remove...from...与文中的extract...out of...属于同义替换，这里要表达的是从原子(atoms)中提取电荷(electrons)。

Question 8

答案: C

关键词: then, control electrical charges

定位原文: 第6段第2句“If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud...”

解题思路：注意文中generate是“产生”的意思;directed at对应文中的 all the way up to，其后的 a storm cloud即对应空格处要填的内容。因此正确答案是C。

Question 9

答案: G

关键词: less dangerous than

定位原文: 第4段和第5段内容

解题思路：解答本题需要对文章有一个提炼,第 9 题问的是激光是相对于哪种方式更加有安全的技术。根据第四段和第五段可以知道，第四段说火箭发射的缺点，第五段说出于安全性的考虑开始使用激光，因此答案应该是火箭(rockets)。

Question 10

答案: D

关键词： protection, aimed firstly

定位原文：第6段第3、4句“To stop the laser…”

解题思路: protection对应文中的 stop...being struck; at是解题关键词，即使不知道文中的directed和题目中的aimed是同义词，也可以从词组的形式上看出来两者是同位的，其后的名词即为答案。由此可知答案是D。

Question 11

答案: NO

关键词: Diels, enough money

定位原文: 第8段第3句“‘I cannot say I have…”

解题思路: “I cannot say I have money yet, but I am working on it”( “我还不能说我已经拿到钱了，但是我正在为之努力。”)看到这句话，再联系上句：Bernstein says that Diels’ system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system...(Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个……的商用系统的所需资金。)这两句话足以证明Diels系统还没有得到足够的资金支持。

Question 12

答案： YES

关键词： depend on tests in real storms

定位原文：第8段第4句“He reckons…”

解题思路：根据第八段Bernstein的话可知,他认为即将来临的实地测验将是转折点,他希望有好消息。如果一切进展顺利，Bernstein 预测关注和支持将潮涌而来。题目表述符合文意。

Question 13

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： Diels, weather forecasters

定位原文：第9段最后两句“Diels also hopes…”

解题思路：文章第九段虽然提到了天气预报，即Diels希望将来看到“交互式气象学”，不仅是预报天气，还可以控制天气 ;但是却并没有提到过 weather forecasters 的态度，他们也许感兴趣,也许不感兴趣，无从判断。

Test 3 Passage 2

Question 14-Question 18

答案: B C F H J

关键词: popular beliefs

定位原文: 第2段整体内容

解题思路: A 对应“if people are talented…”意思是“如果一个人在某一方面具有天赋,他们必然在另一方面有缺陷”因此天才并非是在各个领域都具备天赋的，A错误;B对应“prodigies burn…” 意思是“神童只是昙花一现”B选项正确;C对应“people with gifts..” 言下之意也就是有天赋的人需要使用他们的天赋，C正确;F对应“genius runs in families” 也就是说天赋是遗传的，F对;H对应“we envy the gifted..”说明人们并不会真正欣赏天才，H正确;J对应“adversity makes…” 说明天才在困境中发展其天赋， J正确;其他选项没有提及。

Question 19

答案: TRUE

关键词： nineteen-century, studies

定位原文：第3段内容

解题思路: 本题需要通读第3段，可以得知，原文只提到了研究会考虑 the method of upbringing，但是没有考虑到 uniqueness of the person’s upbringing，题目表述符合文意。

Question 20

答案: TRUE

关键词： nineteen-century, objectivity

定位原文：第3段最后1句“It was only with…”

解题思路：通过本句首先可以推测出19世纪关于天才的研究缺乏客观性，然后通过if still not always very scientific得知，连20世纪有关天才的研究都并不总是很科学，那么就更别提19世纪的研究了，因此可以推测出本题正确答案是TRUE。

Question 21

答案： FALSE

关键词： general powers, area

定位原文：第4段第5句“We may disagree…”

解题思路：定位句的意思是“但我们可能会对“各方面”这一点有所保留，因为我们怀疑是否所有的天才音乐家都可以成为天才科学家，反之亦然。”这句话表明了作者对于所谓全能型天才的质疑，正好与题干的表述相反，故答案应该是 FALSE。

Question 22

答案： TRUE

关键词： skills, ordinary individuals, prodigies

定位原文：第5段第1句“What we appreciate,…”

解题思路：天才的技能和普通人的技能在本质上是相似的，尽管在表现上不一样。题目表述符合文意。

Question 23

答案： TRUE

关键词： truly great ideas

定位原文：第5段最后两句“But that their minds…”

解题思路：作者先是举出数个例子来说明天才伟大的思想或者作品已经成为日常生活中司空见惯的东西，这就对应了题目的前半句the ease...，接着又提出This does not minimise the supremacy of their achievements，正好对应题干后半句。因此此题选TRUE。

Question 24

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： giftedness, genius, scientific research

定位原文：第6段第1句“To think of geniuses and the gifted…”

解题思路：第6段开头提到了“geniuses and the gifted…”但是题目表述的观点没有被提及。

Question 25

答案： TRUE

关键词： pay a high price

定位原文：第6段最后一句话“...but we should also recognize…”

解题思路：这句话以及接下来的内容明确说明了天才在成为天才的道路上所付出的高昂代价，是本题中最容易判断的一道题目。

Question 26

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： high personal cost

定位原文：第6段最后1句的后半句“...but we should also…”

解题思路：…但是也应该看到他们为此所付出的代价，看到他们的锲而不舍，专心致志，献身精神，自我约束，他们对自己时间和精力的严格要求，以及多少次他们不得不表现出极大的勇气来保持自身的正直或艰难地走向成功。这些都是天才为了成为天才而付出的个人代价，但是通过其前后句，没有任何一个评述讲到这种个人付出值还是不值。典型的文中无此信息型题目。

Test 3 Passage 3

Question 27

答案： ix

关键词： fundamental differences, objects, organisms

定位原文：B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products… the same way”

解题思路：要想弄清楚这一段的意思，至少要阅读前半段，才能明白作者是在对object变旧的过程和生物体衰老的过程做对比。通过is not inexorable in the same way 猜测出是对应答案中的fundamental differences。正确答案为ix。

Question 28

答案： ii

关键词： dying, beneficial

定位原文：C段第3、4句“Nevertheless, a restricted…”

解题思路：首先在C段找到表达转折意义的副词 nevertheless，一般段落大意都藏在转折词后面;接着发现the reason for this，这就可以对应选项ii中的why;接着读下去发现提到了死亡是必要的，immortality会扰乱整个生态系统，这样就可以进行选择了。正确答案是ii。

Question 29

答案： vii

关键词： stable, despite improvements

定位原文：D段第2句和第4句“... but within one species…”“Although more…”

解题思路：本段指出，每个生物体都有极具特色的寿命;不同物种之间的寿命有很大差别，但同一物种中，这个参数相对恒定，这就是选项vii中所提到的a stable life span; 接下来的although则可以对应Heading中的despite, improvement对应句中的 developments in medical care and better nutrition。这样就和Heading的意思完全吻合了。正确答案是vii。

Question 30

答案： i

关键词： biological clock

定位原文：E段第1句“If a life span is a genetically…”

解题思路：本段首句中提到：如果寿命是一个由基因决定的生物特征，那么我们就有必要提出这样一个观点，那就是生物体内存在一个内部时钟。这是文章第一次提到生物钟这样一个概念。正确答案是i。

Question 31：

答案： viii

关键词： energy consumption

定位原文： F段第1句“Animals which behave 'frugally' with…”

解题思路：本段列举了众多例子,都是为了说明一个问题——能力消耗的多少与寿命长短成反比：新陈代谢越快，寿命越，新陈代谢越慢，寿命越长。选项 iii“能力消耗”抽象概括了本段的主题。

Question 32：

答案： iv

关键词： prolonging

定位原文： G段首句“It follows from…”

解题思路： Heading中的prolong一词等同于本段首句中的extend。句意为：“从上面的讨论可以看出，节约使用我们的能量储备应该可以延长寿命。”正确答案是iv。

Question 33 & Question 34

答案： physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics

关键词： objects age in accordance with principle

定位原文： B段第3、4句“Ageing in this case…”

解题思路：并列的两处空格中需填名词。首先到文中寻找 objects一词，可以在B段顺利找到，然后请注意寻找并列关系连接词and，很快可以发现正确答案。答案为physical chemistry (and) thermodynamics。

Question 35：

答案： adapt

关键词： mutations, organisms

定位原文： C段第5句“Because of…”

解题思路：首先通过mutations一词将此题在文章中定位，虽然寻找过程不容易，但是一定要相信自己能找到。定位之后寻找空格后的关键字better to，根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词，而且是原型，还要能和to搭配。这么一来，这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适：adaptation, 将其变形为动词即可。

Question 36：

答案： immortality

关键词： evolution theory

定位原文： C段最后1句“Immortality would disturb …”

解题思路：空格处要填入的是会对进化论带来严重问题的内容，可通过evolution进行定位。注意disturb一词意思是“干扰、扰乱”，对应题目中的pose a serious problem for，因此答案为 immortality。

Question 37：

答案： NO

关键词： the wear and tear theory

定位原文： B段前4句“Our ‘dead’ products…”

解题思路：对于生物体而言，死亡并非不可阻挡的，因此自然磨损理论对于生物体来讲，当然就不太适用了。 inexorable在解题中起着关键作用。

Question 38：

答案： YES

关键词： older, ageing

定位原文： B段第5句“At least as long as…”

解题思路：至少只要一个生物系统有能力自我更新，它就确实能够不断成长但不会老化……

这句话与题目中的叙述完全吻合，故答案应该是YES

Question 39：

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： seven years, 90 per cent

定位原文： B段和F段

解题思路：文章在 B 段和 F 段均提到生物体的更新代谢，但是并没有提到具体的数值。

Question 40：

答案： YES

关键词： energy

定位原文： G段第1句“It follows from…”

解题思路：题目表述是G段首句的同义替换, 其中题目中的 conserving energy 对应原文中的 sparing use of energy。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)

篇5：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

List of Headings

i Economic and social significance of tourism

ii The development of mass tourism

iii Travel for the wealthy

iv Earning foreign exchange through tourism

v Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism

vi The contribution of air travel to tourism

vii The world impact of tourism

viii The history of travel

Example Answer

Paragraph A viii

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism

A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.

B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.

C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.

D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.

E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.

Questions 5-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.

6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.

7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.

8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.

9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.

10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .

12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .

13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Autumn leaves

Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall

A One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.

B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees — evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.

C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

_photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

E It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.

F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?

G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.

H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.

I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves

15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn

16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves

17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll

18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal

Questions 19-22

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?

?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .

The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.

Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.

The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .

Questions 23-25

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.

24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.

25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.

Question 26

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?

A why conifers remain green in winter

B how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn

C how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs in

D why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Beyond the blue horizon

Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean

An important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.

They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.

The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’

DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’

There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.

‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?

The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.

For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.

All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’

Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.

However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.

The Efate burial site

A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.

The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.

The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.

A proof

B plantation

C harbour

D bones

E data

F archaeological discovery

G burial urn

H source

I animals

J maps

Questions 32-35

Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.

32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because

A the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.

B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.

C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.

D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.

33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?

A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.

B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.

C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.

D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.

34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?

A the Lapita’s seafaring talent

B the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of land

C the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the region

D the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home

35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?

A It played an important role in Lapita culture.

B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.

C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.

D It made a large number of islands habitable.

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.

37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.

38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.

39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.

40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.

篇6：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)

Passage 1

Question 1

难度及答案：难度低;答案为ii

关键词：development、mass tourism

定位原文：B 段前两句 “Tourism in the mass form…inexpensive transportation.” 如今，我们所知道的大众旅游的形式是20世纪独有的现象。历史学家们认为，大众旅游的出现开始于英国的工业革命时期，因为它伴随着中产阶级的崛起和容易获取到的相对廉价的交通方式。

解题思路： B段先指出大众旅游是20世纪特有现象，再介绍大众旅游的出现，发展等。可从原文的“advent”，“expansion”，“growth”看出B段主要介绍大众旅游的发展进程。

Question 2

难度及答案：难度低;答案为i

关键词： economic、social、significance

定位原文： C段首句.“Tourism today... social importance.”今天旅游业在经济和社会价值两个层面上都有重要意义。

解题思路： C段的首句即为该段的主题句，指出旅游在经济和社会两个方面重要性大。关键词“significance”相当于原文中的“importance”。

Question 3

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为V

关键词： difficulty、recognising、economic effects

定位原文： D段的首句“However，the…itself.”旅行和旅游业隐藏了或者模糊了它的经济影响，其主要问题是这一产业的多样性与不完整性。和倒数第二句“Moreover, in... global economies.”更进一步说，在所有国家，这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球经济贡献。

解题思路： D段主要讲述了测量旅游业经济影响的困难。首句指出旅游业的两大特点即多样性和不完整性，接着再进一步阐述，由于这些特点;难以开发信息库来测算其经济贡献。

Question 4

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为vii.

关键词： world impact

定位原文： E段第二句“In fact，McIntosh…or third.” 事实上，McIntosh 和 Goeldner指出，对于很多国家，旅游业已成跨国贸易中的最大的商品，对于其他一定数量的国家而言，旅游业也排在了第二位或第三位。

解题思路： E段先指出旅游已变得大众化，再举例子说明旅游是国际贸易中最大的部分，最后提出测量旅游对全球经济影响的困难。由此可见，该段主要讲述旅游的世界影响。

Question 5

参考译文：旅行和旅游行业拥有最大的雇佣数据。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为TRUE

关键词： largest employment figures 、travel and tourism

定位原文： C 段倒数第 3 句 “The travel and tourism industry... all employees,创造了 1.3 亿个就业岗位(差不多全部就业人口的7%),旅行和旅游行业雇佣的人数最多。

解题思路：原文提到旅游业在世界上雇佣的人数最多。故答案为TRUE

Question 6

参考译文：每年旅游业的产值超过了澳大利亚6%的国民生产总值。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词： over six percent、the Australian、gross national product

定位原文： C段倒数第二句“This industry is…each year.”这一产业是世界领先的产业贡献者，每年它产出了超过6%的世界国民生产总值，占据了超过来源于直接、间接以及个人税收4220亿美金的资本投资。

解题思路：原文只提到旅游业年产值超过世界国民生产总值的6%，并未提及澳大利亚。故答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 7

参考译文：旅游业有社会影响因为它促进了娱乐产业的发展。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为NOT GIVEN。

关键词： social impact、recreation

定位原文： C段最后一句“Thus，tourism has a…society itself.”因此，旅游业不仅对世界经济有着深远的影响，而且由于旅游的教育性意义和对就业的作用，对社会本身也有深远的影响。

解题思路：原文提到由于旅游的教育性意义和对就业的作用，旅游业对社会本身也有深远的影响。未提及娱乐产业，故答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 8

参考译文：旅行和旅游产业的两个主要特征使其经济重要性难以确定。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词： two main features、economic significance, difficult to ascertain

定位原文： D段首句“However, the major... itself”旅游和旅游业隐藏了或者模糊了它的经济影响，其主要问题是这一产业的多样性与不完整性。和倒数第2句“Moreover， in…global economies.”更远一步说，在所有国家，这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球的经济贡献。

解题思路：原文提到旅游产业的多样性和不完整性问题使得难以测算它的经济贡献。故答案为TURE。

Question 9

参考译文：游客的消费量总是大于旅游区当地居民的消费量。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词： visitor spending、greater than、spending of residents

定位原文： D段第3句“Since many of... or underestimated.”因为很多这些企业也服务本地居民，游客消费的影响容易被忽略或者低估。

解题思路：原文只提到游客的消费量的影响容易被忽略或低估，并未说游客的消费量大于当地居民的消费量。故答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 10

参考译文：很容易用数据说明旅游是如何影响个体经济的。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词： easy、statistically、individual economics

定位原文：D段倒数第2句“Moreover, in…global economies，更进一步说，在所有国家，这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球的经济贡献。

解题思路：原文提到难以开发信息库来测算旅游业的经济贡献，即对经济的影响。注意题旨中的 “individual economics”相当于 “all the national economics”。故答案为FALSE。

Question 11

参考译文：在希腊，旅游业是最最重要的____.

难度及答案：难度低;答案为 source of income/industry

关键词： Greece 、the most important

定位原文： E 段第 3 句 “For example, tourism is the major source of income.. countries.”例如，旅游业是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比海国家的最大收入来源。

解题思路：原文中提到旅游业是希腊最大的收入来源，“the most important”相当于 “the major”。故答案为 source of income/industry。

Question 12

参考译文：旅行和旅游业在牙买加是主要的_____。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为employer .

关键词： Jamaica、the major

定位原文：E段第 4 句 “In addition, Hawkins... United States.” 另外，Hawkins 和 Ritchie 引用美国运通公司的数据，指出旅行和旅游产业在巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、(前) 西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国、美国是雇佣员工最多的产业。

解题思路：原文指出旅行和旅游产业在牙买加是雇佣员工最多的产业，其中关键词“the major” 相当与原文的 “the number one ranked”，故答案为 employer。

Question 13

参考译文：与测量国际旅游业相关的问题主要反映在__的测量上。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为domestic tourism

关键词： problems、often、reflected、measurement

定位原文： E段末尾句“In many cases，similar... measure domestic tourism.”在很多情况下，当人们试图测量国内的旅游业时，相似的问题也出现了。

解题思路：关键词 “problems”，“often” 相当于原文的 “difficulties”，“in many cases”。原文提到很多情况下，测量国内旅游业时会出现测量问题，由此可以得出答案为domestic tourism。

Passage 2

Question 14

参考译文：关于某种负责叶子变成红色的物质的相关描述

难度及答案：难度中等，答案为C

关键词： substance、red colouration

定位原文： C段首句“The source of ... Visible spectrum.” 红色的来源是众所周知的：它由不同的花青素提炼出来，一种在可见光谱中能显现红到蓝的水溶性植物色素。

解题思路：关键词“substance”相当于原文中的“ anthocyanins” 原文讲述了叶子红色素的来源为花青素，接着又描述了花青素的相关特性。

Question 15

参考译文：秋天树木落叶的原因

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为B

关键词： reason、drop、autumn

定位原文： B段前4句“summer leaves... discards them.”夏天树叶是绿色的，因为它们有足够的叶绿素，而这些分子能捕捉到阳光，并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量，当北半球临逬秋天时，太阳能的可利用成分会大量地减少。对于很多树种来说——常绿松柏类植物是个例外——最好的应对措施是停止光合作用，直到春天到来。所以，树木与其在整个冬天里保留现有的多余叶子，倒不如保存珍贵的养料而丢弃它们。

解题思路： B段阐释了树木落叶是因为秋天时，太阳能可利用率减少，所以它们丢弃多余的叶子，停止光合作用且保存养料。

Question 16

参考译文：关于确认红叶目的理论的一些证据

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为H

关键词： evidence 、confirm 、theory 、purpose 、red leaves

定位原文：H段前3句“Even if you had never... of the leaf.”即便你不曾怀疑叶乎变红时发生了什么，但迹象已经摆在眼前。首先能明确的是：对于许多树而言，最红的叶子都是在树木近阳的一面。不仅这样，最发亮的红叶出现在叶子的最顶端。

解题思路： H段指出红叶目的理论的一些证据，即最红的叶子都是在树木近阳的一面，不仅这样，最发亮的红叶出现在叶子的最顶端。

Question 17

参考译文：关于叶绿素功能的一种解释

难度及答案：难度低;答案为B

关键词： explanation 、function、chlorophyll

定位原文：B段首句“Summer leaves…for the tree.”夏天树叶是绿色的，因为它们有足够的叶绿素，而这些分子能捕捉到阳光，并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量。

解题思路：B段第1句解释了叶绿素的功能，即能捕捉到阳光，并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量。

Question 18

参考译文：一种推测：即叶子的红色变化过程可以作为一种提醒信号。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为E

关键词：red colouration、warning signal

定位原文： E段前2句“It has also…less resistant host.”它(理论)也建议，树木可以生成鲜艳的红色，让食草昆虫相信他们自身是健康强壮的，并能轻易地增加化学防御来抵抗感染。如果昆虫们注意到这些树木类似的“宣传”信心，它们可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵挡性较弱的寄主上产卵。

解题思路： E段前2句介绍到叶子的红色可以发出提醒信号，让昆虫相信它们是健康的而从防止感染。关键词“warning signal,”相当于原文中的“advertisement”。

Question 19

参考译文：可以在树木面向_____的一边发现最红的叶子。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为sun(light)

关键词： the most vividly、red、facing

定位原文： H 段第 2 句 “One is straightforward... which gets most sun.首先能明确的是：对于许多树而言，最红的叶子都是在树木最近阳的一面。

解题思路：关键词“the most vividly”相当于原文中的“the reddest，由H段第—句可得知答案为sun(light)。

Question 20

参考译文：叶子__的面含有最多的红色素。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为upper

关键词： surface 、the most red pigment

定位原文： H段第三句“Not only that，…upper side of the leaf”不仅这样，最发亮的红也出现在叶子的最顶端。

解题思路：关键词“surface”相当于原文中的“side”，由H段第三句可得知答案为 upper。

Question 21

参考译文：当白天天气条件为____和阳光明媚时，红叶的数量最多。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为dry

关键词： most abundant、weather conditions、sunny

定位原文：H段第4句“It has also been…to excess light.”为世代所认识的是，对于形成深红颜色的最佳条件是干燥、晴天和凉爽的夜晚，这是让叶子最大程度吸光的最佳条件。

解题思路：关键词“most abundant”相当于原文中的“intense”，由原文可以直接得出答案为dry。

Question 22

参考译文：当你走到越_____部时，你会发现叶子红色的程度会增加。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为north

关键词： intensity、increases、go further

定位原文： H段倒数第2句“And finally，…northern hemisphere.”最后，例如枫树一般的树木在北半球越北的地方，叶子就会越红。

解题思路：由H段倒数第2句可知答案为north。

Question 23

参考译文：很可能叶子的红色有助于保护叶子免受低温干扰。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为FALSE

关键词： red pigments、freezing temperatures

定位原文： D 段第 1 句 “Some theories about anthocyanins... to freezing.” 一些关于花青素的理论认为它们是用作防止昆虫和真菌伤害的化学防御，或是用于吸引以食果类为生的鸟类，或是增大叶子的耐寒能力。但是第二句又说了，这些理论是存在问题的。

解题思路：文中D段中指出花青素的化学防御等作用，但又指出理论存在问题。故答案为 FALSE。

Question 24

参考译文：光屏假设开始似乎与叶绿素的已知知识相矛盾。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为TRUE

关键词： initially、contradict

定位原文： F 段第 2 句 “It sounds paradoxical…from too much light.” 这听起来是矛盾的，因为这想法背后的假设是秋叶中生成的红色素是为了保护叶绿素，这个吸光化学物，免受过强光源的伤害。

解题思路：关键词“contradict”相当于原文中的“paradoxical”，F段第二句解释了为什么光屏假设会听起来矛盾。

Question 25

参考译文：转变为除红色外其他颜色的叶子更有可能受到阳光的伤害。

难度及答案：难度高; NOT GIVEN

关键词： other than、damaged by sunlight

定位原文： I段首句“What is still...yellow hues.”然而，仍未探明的是为什么一些树木借助生成红色素，而其他则不用，就能轻易地显示出他们的黄橙色调。

解题思路：文中提到秋天时，有的树木显现出黄橙色调，但并没有提到转变为除了红色外其他颜色的叶于更有可能受到阳考的伤害。故答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 26

参考译文：下面哪一个问题，作者提供了相应的一个解释。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为B

关键词： explanation

定位原文： B段倒数第3句至最后一句“But before letting…or sumac.”但在这些叶子凋落之前，树木会拆分它们的叶绿素分子，并将这些分子内有用的氮传送回细枝里。一旦叶绿素被耗尽，在夏天里因叶绿素的主导作用，而被抑制的其他颜色便开始显现。这个发现解释了秋叶的黄与橙，却并未解释出如枫树和漆树一般灿烂的红色和紫色。

解题思路：答案B中问题意思是“秋天叶子是如何转变为橙色和黄色的”， B段倒数第3句给出了详细的解释。

Passage 3

Question 27

参考译文：在太平洋Efate岛的一个废弃的____上，人们发现一个有着30历史的墓地, 里面躺着被称为Lapita人的海上居民。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为B

关键词： 3,000-year-old、abandoned

定位原文：第1段第2句“The site came... 3,000 years old.” Efate岛是偶然被世人发现的。一个农业工作者，在挖掘一个被废弃的种植园时，挖开了一个坟墓，而该坟墓仅是一块大约有3000年历史的墓地上数十个坟墓中的第一个。

解题思路：由关键词“3,000-year-old”找到第1段第2句，又由于关键词“abandoned” 相当于原文中的“derelict”故可得知答案为B，即plantation。

Question 28

参考译文：该墓地是一个重要的_____，是在意外的情况下被一个农业工作者发现的。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为F

关键词：significant、uncovered、agricultural worker

定位原文：第1段第1句 “An important archaeological discovery...Polynesians.”一项关于太平洋Vanuatu群岛上的Efate岛的重要考古发现，揭开了一个古老的航海种族的行踪，该种族恰恰也是今天Polynesians种族的远古祖先。

解题思路：由agricultural worker可以推出对应原文大概在第1段，又由于关键词“significant ” 和原文第一句的“important”是同义词，可得知答案应为archaeological discovery，选F。

Question 29

参考译文：他们航行中携带了很多东西，包括___和工具。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为I

关键词： and、tools

定位原文：第2段第2句“They were also... stone tools.”他们也是开拓者，携带了一切需要的物品来创建新生活，这些物品包括他们的家畜，芋头幼苗和石具：

解题思路：由关键词“tools”可以定位到第,2段第2句，且由关键间“and”得知，所填的词与“tools”为并列关系。原文中的“livestock”相当于“animals”，故选择I。

Question 30

参考译文： Spriggs认为在场地里发规的非_____常重要，因为它证实了里面发现的_____是Lapita 人。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为G

关键词：spriggs、important;

定位原文：第3段第3、4句'“Other items included a... Lapita.”其他发掘出的物品包括一个Lapita人的骨灰瓮，瓮的边缘散布着仿制的小鸟，仿佛在向下凝视着密封在里面的Lapita人的遗体。‘这是个重要的发现，’澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授兼挖掘场的国际团队的总负责人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因为它令人信服地确定了遗体便是Lapita种族。’

解题思路：由词“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，原文指出发现的骨灰瓮是一个重要的发现，由此可知，答案为G,即burial urn。

Question 31

参考译文： Spriggs认为在场地里发现的_____非常重要，因为它证实了里面发现的_____是Lapita 人。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为D

关键词：confirm, Lapita

定位原文：第 3 段第 3、4 句 “Other items included a... Lapita.” 其他发掘出的物品包括一个Lapita人的骨灰瓮，瓮的边缘散布着仿制的小鸟，仿佛在向下凝视着密封在里面的Lapita人的遗体。‘这是个重要的发现，’澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授兼挖掘场地的国际团队的总负人Matthew Spriggs表示，‘因为它令人信服地确定了遗体便是Lapita种族。’

解题思路：由词“Spriggs”可定位到第3段第3、4句，关键词“confirms”相当于原文中的"identifies”，而原文 “confirms” 后的“remains”相当于“bones”，故答案为D。

Question 32

参考译文：根据作者的文章，在解释Lapita人是如何完成航行的这一问题上有困难，其原因是什么?

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为C

关键词： difficulties、accomplished their journeys

定位原文：第五段整段，段意为：这里还有一个棘手的问题，考古学至今提供不了多少答案，即Lapita人是怎样在远古时期完成相当于月球登陆般艰难的穿越海洋的行动，而且还那么多次? 至今没有人发现任何一艘他们的独木舟或绳索等装置，以此来发现他们的独未舟是如何航行的。同时后来的Polynesians人的口头相传的历史故事和传统中也没能提供什么相关线索，因为在这些故事传统流传到Lapita人那个时期的很久以前，就己经变成神话传说了。

解题思路：由关键词“accomplished their journeys”，可定位到第5段。再由第5段知，至今没有人发现任何一艘他们的独木舟或绳索等装置，口头相传的历史故事和传统中也没能提供什么相关线索。故选择C

Question 33

参考译文：根据第6段内容，Lapita人最伟大的地方在哪里?

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为A

关键词：extraordinary、Lapita

定位原文：第6段倒数第2、3句“…however, until... for us today.”然而，真正的冒险还没开始，直到他们的后代Lapita人行驶出大陆的视线范围，大陆变得每一个方向都没有界限。而这肯定对他们来说很困难如同，当今我们登陆月球一样。

解题思路：第6段倒数第2、3句，可得知，Lapita人真正的冒险是远行出大陆的视线范围，这如同今天登陆月球一样难，笞案为A

Question 34

参考译文：在第7段中“this”指代什么意思?

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为D

关键词： this、the seventh paragraph

定位原文：第7段第3、4句 “They could sail ...the whole work.” 他们能够行驶数天进入未知地带，因为他们确定地知道如果一无所获，他们能够转向乘着顺风快速返回。这正是促成整个探索行动成功的关键。

解题思路：由关键词“This”，“the seventh paragraph”可定位到第7段第4句。通读“This” 的上下文，可发现其指代的意思是Lapita人相信他们能够返回家的信念，故选择D。

Question 35

参考译文：根据第8段内容，地区地势的重要性如何 ?

难度及答案：难度低;答案为C

关键词： the eight paragraph, geography of region

定位原文：第8段首句“For returning explorers…a safety net.”对于返航的探险者，不论成功与否，他们自己群岛的地形就已经提供了一个保障安全的网罩。

解题思路：由关键词 “the eight paragraph”，“geography of region” 可定位到第 8 段第 1 句，原文中的“a safety net”相当于“a navigational aid”，故选择答案C。

Question 36

参考译文： Lapita人顺风而行，这一点现在很清楚。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为NO

关键词： prevailing wind

定位原文：第9段整段，段意为：所有这些预设了一个重要的细节点，澳大利亚国立大学的史前时期研究教授Atholl Anderson 说道：LaPita人已经早早地掌握了先进的、逆风航行的技能。‘并没有证据证明他们能够做这样的事情，’Anderson表示，‘但这里已经假设他们能够这样做，同时基于这样的假设，人们已经制作独木舟来再次开展那些早期的海航探险。但是没有人知道他们的独木舟到底是怎么样的或者他们是怎么样装配索具等的。’

解题思路：第9段指出，目前没有证据证明Lapita人能够掌握先进的逆风航行的技能。故该题答案为No。

Question 37

参考译文：极端的气候条件可能在Lapita人的迁徙上扮演重要角色。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为YES

关键词： extreme climate conditions、migration

定位原文：第10段第2句“El Nino,…suggests.”他表示，厄尔尼诺现象，如今影响太平洋的这一异常气候，也许曾帮助Lapita人群的分布。

解题思路：由题目中的“extreme climate conditions”可定位的到第10段，关键词 “migration”相当于第2句中的“scatter”，由此可得知答案为YES。

Question 38

参考译文： Lapita人学会了预测厄尔尼诺现象的持续时间。

难度及答案：难度中等;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词： duration 、El Nino

定位原文：第10段倒数第2句“He points out … expansion.”他指出从太平洋周围生长缓慢的珊瑚中获取的气候数据暗示着大概在Lapita人对外扩张时期，存在一系列不平常且频繁的厄尔尼诺现象。

解题思路：由题目中的“ElNino”可定位的到第10段，由第10段可知，文中未提及 Lapita人是否学会了预测厄尔尼诺现象的持续时间。故答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 39

参考译文：为什么Lapita人停止了在太平洋的扩张，其原因至今不清楚。

难度及答案：难度低;答案为YES

关键词： unclear 、halted 、expansion

定位原文：第11段首句“However they... only to them.”但是他们做到了，Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的岛屿上，之后由于若干只有他们知道的原因停止了对外探索。

解题思路：由第11段第1句可得知Lapita人停止扩张的原因未知，故答案为YES。

Question 40

参考译文：很有可能大部分的Lapita人定居在斐济岛。

难度及答案：难度中等，答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词： Fiji

定位原文：第11段最后一句‘They probably... in Fiji alone.”他们可能总共人数算起来从未超过几千人，在他们向东的快速迁徙过程中，他们遇见了成百上千的岛购，单单在斐济就有300多个岛屿。

解题思路：由“Fiji”可定位到第11段最后一句，原文并未提及大部分的Lapita人定居在斐济岛，故答案为NOT GIVEN。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)

篇7：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)

Passage 1参考译文：

旅游的背景，意义和范畴

A. 自从上帝创造了万物以来，旅行就已经存在了：那时原始人启程，常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物，这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。贯穿人类历史，人类为了贸易、宗教信仰、经济所得、战争、移民以及其他同样具有吸引力的动机而旅行。在罗马时代，独有的贵族以及高级政府官员同样为了享乐而旅行。坐落在Pompeii和Herculaneum的海边度假胜地给人们提供了一个逃离到度假别墅的机会，从而避免了罗马夏日的酷暑。除了在黑暗时代，旅游是一直在发展的，而且人类历史自从有记录以来，旅游在文明发展以及经济发展当中起到了极为关键的作用。

B.如今，我们知道的大众旅游的形式是20世纪独有的现象。历史学家们认为，大众旅游的出现开始于英国工业革命时期，因为它伴随着中产阶级的崛起和容易获取到的相对廉价的交通方式。第二次世界大战过后的商业、航空工业的创造以及之后20世纪60年代的喷气式飞机的发展，标志着跨国旅游的快速增长与扩张。这种增长导致了一个主要的新的工业的发展：旅游业。反过来，国际旅游的发展成为众多国家的要事，因为它不仅提供了新的就业机会，也产生了创造外汇的新途径。

C.今天，在经济以及社会价值方面，旅游业地位都显著提升。大多教的工业化国家在过去的几十年，都在服务业领域经历了最快速的发展。尽管在有些国家当中，旅行和旅游业在很大程度上并不被认为是一个实体，但他们却是服务业最大的几个板块之一。根据世界旅游与旅游协会的资料(1992)，‘几乎用任何一种经济指标衡量，旅行和旅游业都是世界上最大的产业，这些指标包括增值资本投资、就业以及税收贡献。’在1992年，工业总产值估计为3.5万亿美元，比全部消费支出的12%还要多。创造了 1.3亿个就业岗位(差不多全部就业人口的7%)，旅行和旅游业雇佣的人数最多。这一产业是世界领先的产业贡献者，每年它产出了超过6%的世界国民生产总值，占据了超过来源于直接、间接以及个人税收4220亿美金的资本投资。因此，旅游业不仅对世界经济有着深远的影响，而且由于旅游的教育性意义和对就业的作用，对社会本身也有深远的影响。

D.旅行和旅游业隐藏了或者模糊了它的经济影响，其主要问题是这一工业的多样性与不完整性。旅游产业包括：酒店、汽车旅馆和其他形式的住宿业;餐厅以及其他形式的食物供应行业;交通服务以及设施;游乐场、旅游景点、和其他休闲设施;礼品商店以及大量的其他企业。因为很多这些企业也服务本地居民，游客消费的影响容易被忽略或者低估。另外，Meis (1992)指出旅游业涉及一些对于分析家以及政策制定者而言都觉得无定形的、抽象的概念。更进一步说，在所有国家，这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球的经济贡献。但是这种多样性的本质使得旅行和旅游业成为许多国家、地区或者是社群经济发展的理想工具。

E.旅行和旅游业过去曾经是有钱人独享的领城，现在却已成为大多数人习惯的生活方式。事实上，McIntosh和Goeldner (1990)指出，对于很多国家，旅游业已成了跨国贸易中的最大的商品，对于其他一定数量的国家而言，旅游业也排在了第二位或第三位。例如，旅游业是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比海国家的最大收入来源。另外，Hawkins和Ritchie引用美国运通公司的数据，指出旅行和旅游产业在巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、(前)西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国、美国是雇佣员工最多的产业。但是由于定义的问题直接影响到了统计性的测量，确定地提出精确、有效、可靠的关于世界范围旅游业参与程度以及其经济影响的数据是不大可能的。在很多情况下，当人们试图测量国内的旅游业时，相似的问题也出现了。

Test 3 Passage 2参考译文：

秋叶

加拿大作家Jay Ingram调查树叶在秋关变红的秘密

A.每年北美多个地区里最为迷人的自然事件之一，就是秋叶变色之时。叶子的颜色都很壮观美丽，但一个确切的问题还久久地困扰着科学家们，就是为什么一些树会变成黄色或橙色，而其他树则变为红色或紫色。

B.夏天树叶是绿色的，因为它们有足够的叶绿素，而这些分子能捕捉到阳光，并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量。当北半球秋天临近时，太阳能的可利用成分会大量地减少。对于很多树种来说——常绿松柏类植物是个例外——最好的应对措施是停止光合作用，直到春天到来。所以，树木与其在整个冬天里保留现有的多余叶子，倒不如保存珍贵的养料而丢弃它们。但在这些叶子凋落之前，树木会拆分它们的叶绿素分子，并将这些分子内有用的氮传送回细枝里。一旦叶绿素被耗尽，在夏天里因叶绿素的主导作用，而被抑制的其他颜色便开始显现。这个发现解释了秋叶的黄与橙，却并未解释出如同枫树和漆树一般的灿烂的红色和紫色。

C. 红色的原料是众所周知的：它由不同的花青素提炼出来，一种在可见光谱中能显现红到蓝的水溶性植物色素。他们属于一个级别的糖本化合物，也称之为类黄酮。令人困惑的是花青素是新制成的，即树木准备让叶子凋零的时候才在叶子中生成。但树木生成花青素的行为难以被理解一为什么树木在它现有的叶子中吸收和保存花青素，还要忙着在叶子里制作新的这种化学物质?

D. 一些关于花青素的理论认为它们是用作防止昆虫和真菌伤害的化学防御，或是用于吸引以食果类为生的鸟类，或是增大叶子的耐寒能力。然而这些理论个个都存在问题，包括下面的事实：叶子保持红色的时期如此之短，以至于在该时期内制造花青素所需消耗的能量大于任何抗菌或抵抗食草动物活动所需的能量。

E. 它(理论)也建议，树木可以生成鲜艳的红色，让食草昆虫相信他们自身是健康强壮的，并能轻易地增加化学防御来抵抗感染。如果昆虫们注意到这些树木类似的“宣传”信心，它们可能更多地在一些暗沉的，抵挡性较弱的寄主上产卵。这个理论上的错误就在于缺乏事实依据的支撑。到现在为止，没有人能确定是否越强壮的树越能展示出明亮的树叶，或昆虫是否会根据颜色亮度来选择树木。

F. 或许看似最有理的推断是一个被称为“光屏”的假设。该假设解释了为什么叶子在忙着准备过冬时，不顾麻烦也去制造花青素。这听起来是矛盾的，因为这假设背后的想法是红色素是在秋叶中生成的，以此来保护叶绿素，这个吸光化学物，免受过强光源的伤害。为什么叶绿素需要保护，当它是自然界中最优质的光源吸收体?为什么正是树木折断需被抢救时要尽可能保护叶绿素?

G.尽管精妙地参与到捕捉太阳光能量的过程中，叶绿素有时也会被破坏，特别是当环境是干燥、低温或营养缺失时。这时的叶子正忙碌地为过冬分解内在机制。由摇摇欲坠的秋叶中的叶绿素分子吸收而来的能量，并不能立即被传送到有用的产物和过程中，因为它将构成一片完整的夏叶。老弱的秋叶是由活跃的叶绿素分子造成的，因受具有摧毁性作用的氧化影响而变得容易残破。

H. 即便你不曾怀疑叶子变红时发生了什么，但迹象已经摆在眼前。首先能明确的是：对于许多树而言，最红的叶子都是在树木近阳的一面。不仅这样，最发亮的红也出现在叶子的最顶端。为世代所认识的是，对于形成深红颜色的最佳条件是干燥、晴天和凉爽的夜晚，这是让叶子最大程度吸光的最佳条件。最后，如例如枫树一般的树木在北半球越北的地方，叶子就会越红。那里更冷，树木会感到更有压迫，而它们的叶绿素也会更敏感，需要更多的阳光。

I.然而，仍未探明的是为什么一些树木借助生成红色素，而其他则不用，就能轻易地显示出他们的黄橙色调。是那些树有别的解决方法去阻挡在秋天的过分暴晒吗?他们的故事，或许在我们眼里并不惊人，但必定精妙而复杂。

Test 3 Passage 3参考译文：

蓝色海平线外

居住在太平洋遥远岛屿上的古代航行者

一项关于太平洋Vanuatu群岛上的岛的重要考古发现，揭开了一个古老的航海种族的行踪，该种族恰恰也是今天Polynesians亚种族的远古祖先。Efate岛是偶然被世人发现的。一位农业工作者，在挖掘一个被废弃的种植园时，挖开了一个坟墓，而该坟墓仅是一块大约有3000年历史的墓地上数十个坟墓中的第一个。这是在太平洋群岛上至今为止发现的最古老的墓地，它里面躺着一个远古种族的众多遗体。考古学家们称该种族为Lapita。

Lapita种族是勇敢的蓝色大海上的冒险者，他们曾经用简单的独木舟穿越海洋。但是他们不仅仅是探险者。他们也是开拓者，携带了一切需要的物品来创建新生活，这些物品包括他们的家畜，芋头幼苗和石具。在长达几个世纪的时间里，种族把他们世界的边界，从Papua New Guinea岛上覆盖着丛林的火山群，延伸到汤加群岛上最孤寂的布满珊瑚的外围地带。

Lipita种族仅仅留下可几条关于自身的宝贵线索，但是Efate岛大大地扩充了对研究象来说有用数据量。62位Lapita人的遗体至今经被挖掘出来了，考古学家们同时也非常激动地发现了六个完整的陶罐。其他发掘出的物品包括一个Lipita人的骨灰瓮，瓮的边缘散布着仿制的小鸟，仿佛在向下凝视着密封在里面的Lapita的遗体。“这是个重要的发现，”澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授兼挖掘场地的国际团队的总负责人Matthew Spriggs表成“因为它令人信服地确定了遗体便是Lapita种族。”

从这些人类遗体中提取出来的DNA可能能够帮助解答其中一个在太平洋人类学中最让人困惑的问题，即所有的太平洋岛上居民来源于一个祖先还是多个。是只有一批来自亚洲某个地方的外来移民，还是有若千批来自不同地方的外来移民?

“Efate岛的发现是我们有史以来最好的机会，” Sprigg说道，“来探索Lapita种族到底是怎么样的种族，他们来自哪里，以及当今与他们关系最紧密的后代是哪些种族。”

这里还有一个棘手的问题，考古学至今提供不了多少答案，即Lapita人是怎么样在远古时期完成相当于月球登陆般艰难的穿越海洋的行动，而且还那么多次? 至今没有人发现一艘他们的独木舟或任何绳索，以此来发现他们的独木舟是如何航行的。同时在后来的Polynesians人的口头相传的历史故事和传统中也没能提供什么相关线索，因为在这些故事传统流传到Lapita那个时期以前，就已经变成神话传说了。

“我们可以确定的是Lapita人那时候已经有能够开展海洋航行的独木舟了，并且他们有能力行驶独木舟。”奥克兰大学的考古学教授Geoff Irwin表示。他说道，那些航行技能被早期航海人员发展并流传了数千年，这些早期的航海人员靠自己想方设法穿越了西部太平洋的群岛，开辟了通向邻近岛屿的短路线。然而，真正的冒险还没开始，直到他们的后裔行驶出大陆的视线范围，大陆变得每个方向都没有界限。而这肯定对他们来说很困难，如同当今我们登陆月球一样。当然这样的穿越举动使得他们从他们的祖先中突显出来，但是是什么给了他们勇气发起如此危险的航行之旅呢?

Irwin指出，Lapita人进入太平洋的航向是向东的，这不同于通常的顺风。他同时表明，这样艰难的逆风航行方式，也许正是也们成功的关键。“他们能够行驶数天进入未知‘和可以到达的’地带，因为他们确定地知道如果一无所获，他们能够转向乘着顺风快速返这正是促成整个探索行动成功的关键。”一旦出行，有经验的海员能够观测并跟随大量的指引线索到达新大陆，比如海鸟，被潮汐冲入大海的椰子和细枝，和下午海平线上堆积的云层，这些云层通常代表不远处有海岛。

对于返航的探险者，不论成功与否，他们自己群岛的地形就已经提供了一个保障安全的网罩。如果在途中没有这个安全的网罩，航行偏离他们自己的港口，迷失甚至是行驶向死亡之路将变得很容易发生。比如，Vanuatu岛，在西北到东南方向上长度达500多英里，它众多相互可见的岛屿，为乘着顺风返航的航海员们形成增援，保护着他们。

所有这些预设了一个重要的细节点，澳大利亚国立大学的史前时期研究教授Atholl Anderson说道， Lapita人已经早早地掌握了先进的逆风航行的技能。 “并没有证据证明他们能够做这样的事情，” Anderson表示，“但这里已经假设他们能够这样做，同时基于这样的假设，人们已经制作独木舟来再次开展那些早期的航海探险。但是没有人知道他们的独木舟到底是怎么样的或者他们是怎么样装配索具。”

与其全部归功于人类的技能，也得“考虑到自然风力产生的可能性”，Anderson表示。厄尔尼诺现象，如今影响太平洋的这一异常气候，也许曾帮助分散Lapita人群的分布。他指出从太平洋周围生长缓慢的珊瑚中获取的气候数据暗示着大概在Lapita人对外扩张时期，存在一系列不平常且频繁的厄尔尼诺现象。通过反转一般东西流向的顺风且每次长达数周，这些超级厄年尼诺现象大概已经促使Lapita人开始漫长且未计划过的航行之旅。

但是他们做到了，Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的岛屿上，之后由于若干只有他们知道的原因，停止了对外探索。前方太平洋中部有着大片仍未被开发的领域，也许他们太薄弱而无法继续往前探索扩张。可能总共人数算起来从未超过几千人，在他们向东的快速迁徙过程中，他们遇见了成百上千的岛屿，单单在斐济就有300多个岛屿。

篇8：剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’

Doreen Soko

‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new friends.’

Fan Kaoma

Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

Introduction

Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.

Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.

Background

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.

Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.

Street Business Partnerships

S.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.

? The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.

? Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.

? The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.

Lessons learned

The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.

? Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.

? The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.

? It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.

? There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.

? Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.

? All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

Conclusion

There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article

A exemplify the effects of S.K.I.

B explain why S.K.I. was set up.

C outline the problems of street children.

D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.

2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is to

A draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.

B provide school and social support for street children.

C encourage the public to give money to street children.

D give business training and loans to street children.

3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?

A unemployment

B war

C poverty

D crime

4 In order to become more independent, street children may

A reject paid employment.

B leave their families.

C set up their own businesses.

D employ other children.

Questions 5-8

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided

5………………

and………………

? S.K.I courier service ? provision of 6………………………

Dominican Republic ? S.K.I

? Y.W.C.A 7………………… ? loans

? storage facilities

? savings plans

Zambia ? S.K.I.

? The Red Cross

? Y.W.C.A. setting up small businesses ? business training

? 8…………training

? access to credit

Questions 9-12

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirter

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.

10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.

11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.

12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.

The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street children

A as part of a wider program of aid.

B for programs that are not too ambitious.

C when programs are supported by local businesses.

D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

Questions 14-27

Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

I Causes of volcanic eruption

Ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

Iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet

Iv Different types of volcanic eruption

V International relief efforts

Vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

Volcanoes-earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.

But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt.

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.

The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.

D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.

Questions 18-21

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?

19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?

20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?

21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

Obtaining Linguistic Data

A Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.

B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.

C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants — whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.

D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).

E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.

F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).

G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.

Questions 27-31

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

27 the effect of recording on the way people talk

28 the importance of taking notes on body language

29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation

30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious

31 various methods that can be used to generate specific data

Questions 32-36

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enough

Non-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be considered

Recording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of sound

Videoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might miss certain things

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary of paragraph G below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.

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