【导语】以下是小编为大家准备的高中文言文定语后置与状语后置的辨析论文（共7篇），希望对大家有帮助。
篇1：高中文言文定语后置与状语后置的辨析论文
高中文言文定语后置与状语后置的辨析论文
由于有些地区中考取消对语法知识的考查部分，部分初中语文教师在教学过程中也就忽略了对语法知识的教学，致使部分高一学生根本就不知何为定语，何为状语，更谈不上对定语后置与状语后置的辨析了。
首先，我们要弄清楚现代汉语中的定语和状语在句中所起的作用。定语是指修饰、限制主语或宾语的句子成分。大家都知道主语一般由名词或代词充当，那么定语也就由修饰、限制主语的'形容词或代词充当，（即名词性偏正短语中“偏”的部分），用一个式子来表示：（形、代）+名词、代。例如：（美丽的）祖国、（我们的）校园等。状语是表示动作行为发生的时间、方式、状态、对象的句子成分，状语是动词性偏正短语中“偏”的部分，一般由形容词、副词充当，写成式子就是（形、副）+动、形。如（飞快地）跑、（十分）厉害等。
其次，在弄请了现代汉语中的定语成分和状语成分后，我们要善于把学过的知识迁移到文言文的学习中，学会给文言文划分句子成分。如：赵氏求救于齐。在这个句子中，“赵氏”是动作的发出者，充当主语，“求”是谓语动词，“救”是“求”的宾语，而“于齐”是表示“求”的对象是齐国，因此正确的语序应为：赵氏于齐求救。那么这个句子就是一个状语后置句。再如：国之孺子之游者，无不……。这句话中，“孺子”应为中心词，“游者”应是“孺子”的限制成分，指“出游的年青人”。根据定语修饰主语来判断，“游者”应是“孺子”的定语成分。
由此，我们可以看出，判断是定语后置还是状语前置有一个最简单的方法，那就是看它们修饰限制的中心语是名（代）词还是动（形）词。当然如果遇到词类活用就要麻烦一些，这就要联系整个句子的含义来判断了。
篇2：高中文言文状语后置句
介宾短语后置是指文言文中介词短语放在谓语之后作状语，而现代汉语则习惯将它放在谓语之前作状语。这种现象又称状语后置，其中以“于”“以”“乎”构成的介宾短语后置句居多。
1.介词“于……”构成介宾短语，后置。
如：
公与之乘，战于长勺。（《曹刿论战》）
“于长勺”是介宾短语，作谓语“战”的状语，应调整为“于长勺战”，翻译为“公与他一起乘车，在长勺作战”。
2.介词“以……”构成介宾短语，后置。
如：
饰以篆文山龟鸟兽之形。（《张衡传》）
“以篆文山龟鸟兽之形”是介宾短语，作谓语“饰”的状语，应调整为“以篆文山龟鸟兽之形饰”，翻译为“用篆文、山脉、乌龟、飞鸟、野兽的形状装饰”。
3.介词“乎……”构成介宾短语，后置。
如：
生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾。（《师说》）
这句话中的两个“乎”都相当于介词“于”，与后面的'名词构成介宾短语，应调整为“于吾前生，其闻道也于吾先”，翻译为“在我前面出生，他懂得道理也先于我”。
4.有时候，后置的介宾短语中的介词会省去，这种情况仍可视为介宾短语后置。
如：
将军战河北，臣战河南。（《鸿门宴》）
“战河北”“战河南”是“战于河北”“战于河南”的省略语，应调整为“将军于河北战，臣于河南战”，翻译为“将军在黄河以北作战，我在黄河以南作战”。
篇3：高中文言文状语后置句
1.否定句中代词宾语前置：这类宾语前置，要具备两个条件：一是宾语必须是代词；二是必须是否定句，由“不”、“未”、“毋”、“莫”等否定词表示。在这种情况下，代词宾语要放在动词之前和否定词之后。例如：
①“三岁贯汝，莫我肯顾。”“莫我肯顾”应理解成“莫肯顾我”。
②忌不自信（战国策《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》）
③然而不王者，未之有也。（孟子 《寡人之于国也》）
④句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不（否）焉。（之，宾语提前的标志）《师说》
⑤古之人不余欺也！（苏轼《石钟山记》）
⑥不吾知其亦已兮，苟（只要）余情其信芳（美好）。（屈原《离骚》）
⑦东望愁泣，若不自胜。《柳毅传》李朝威
⑧见大王爱女牧羊于野，所（代词，“之人”）不忍视。（李朝威《柳毅传》）
⑨是以后世无传焉，臣未之闻也。（孟子《齐桓晋文之事》）
⑩保民而王，莫之能御也。（孟子《齐桓晋文之事》）
而良人未之知也。（孟子《齐人有一妻一妾》）
2.疑问句中代词宾语前置：文言文中用疑问代词“谁”、“何”、“奚”、“安”等做宾语时往往放在动词的前面。例如：
①“良问曰：‘大王来何操？’”“何操”应理解为“操何”（《鸿门宴》）
②吾孰与徐公美？（战国策《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》）
③以五十步笑百步，则何如？（孟子《寡人之于国也》）
④彼且奚适也？（庄子《逍遥游》）
⑤彼且恶（何）乎待哉？（庄子《逍遥游》）
⑥沛XX在？（史记《鸿门宴》）
⑦夫晋，何厌之有？（之，宾语提前的标志）（左传《烛之武退秦师》）
⑧吾实为之，其又何尤（怨）？（韩愈《祭十二郎文》）
⑨洞庭君安在哉？（李朝威《柳毅传》）
⑩无情郎安在？（李朝威《柳毅传》）
3.介词宾语提前：在现代汉语中，介词后面跟着宾语，组成介宾结构，用来修饰动词谓语。在文言文中，介词宾语往往置与介词之前，形成一种倒置的现象。例如：
①“臆！微斯人吾谁与归？”“谁与归”应理解为“与谁归”。（《岳阳楼记》）
②一旦山陵崩，长安君何以自托于赵？（战国策《触龙说赵太后》）
③不为者与不能者之形（情形），何以异？（孟子《齐桓晋文之事》）
④吾王庶几无疾病与，何以能鼓乐也？何以能田（畋）猎也？（孟子《庄暴见孟子》）
⑤不然，籍何以至此？（史记《鸿门宴》）
⑥余是以记之。（苏轼《石钟山记》）
⑦将子无怒，秋以为期。（诗经《卫风氓》）
⑧是以区区不能废远。（李密《陈情表》）
⑨是以君子远庖厨也。（孟子《齐桓晋文之事》）
⑩奚以知其然也？（庄子《逍遥游》）
4.特殊结构：用“之”、“是”将宾语提前。
①前世不同教，何古之法？（效法哪一个古代）
②宋何罪之有？（宋国有什么罪过？）
③惟命是听（成语）惟利是图（成语）
④惟马首是瞻（《冯婉贞》）
⑤惟兄嫂是依（韩愈《祭十二郎文》）
⑥惟你是问。
篇4：定语后置的文言文句型分析
定语后置的文言文句型分析
定语后置
通常定语应该放置于中心词的前面，但文言语句中却有很多句子将定语放在中心词之后，称定语后置。
定语后置一般以“……者”为标志
如：马之千里者,一食或尽粟一石。
石之铿然有声者
状语后置
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前，若置于谓语之后便是补语。但在文言文中，处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。
例如：《鸿门宴》：“将军战河北，臣战河南。”“战河南”即“战(于)河南”，应理解为“于河南战”。《促织》：“覆之以掌”即“以掌覆之”应理解为“用手掌覆盖(蟋蟀)”。
定语后置
文言文中，定语的位置一般也在中心词前边，但有时为了突出，中心词的地位，强调定语所表现的内容，或使语气流畅，往往把定语放在中心词之后。
1.用“者”结句，形成“中心词+后置定语+者”
2.用之.“中心词+之+后置定语”的形式。如:“其嵌然相累而下者，若牛马之饮于溪;其冲然角列而上者，若熊罴之登于山。”(《钴姆潭西小丘记》)
3.用“者”又用“之”。“中心词+之+后置定语+者”的形式。如“石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。”(苏轼《石钟山记》)等。
状语后置，是指文言文中处于谓语后面作补语的部分，在理解和翻译这类句子时要以状语来看待。有三种情况：
1、用介词“于”组成的介宾短语在文言文中大都处在补语的位置，译成现代汉语时，除少数仍作补语外，大多数都要移到动词前作状语。
例：青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。(荀子《劝学》)
分析：此句中的“于蓝”介宾短语，前者应该移到“取”的前面做状语;后者“于蓝”介宾短语应该移到“青”的前面做状语，即译为“比蓝青”。
2、介词“以”组成的介宾短语，在今译时，一般都作状语。
例：具告以事。(《史记·项羽本记》)
分析：“具告以事”，即“以事具告”，“以事”介宾短语做“告”的状语。
3、还有一种介词“乎”组成的介宾短语在补语位置时，在翻译时，可视情况而定其成分。
例：生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾。(韩愈《师说》)
分析：“生乎吾前”中的“乎”就是介词“于”;“乎吾前”应该移到“生”的前面做状语。
文言文句式
文言文的句式，跟白话文的句式，有的相同，有的很不相同。即使是相同的句式，文言文句式也有它自己的特点。
一、判断句
判断句是对人或事物表示断定，断定人或事物是什么、属于什么的句式。判断句可以分为有标记的判断句和无标记的判断句这么两大类。
(一)有标记的判断句
有标记的判断句又有几种情况。
1、有动词做判断词的判断句
在古代，在一般情况下，“是”是代词“这”，不表示判断。但是，“是”也偶尔相当于现在的'“是”，成了判断句的标记。如：
(1)汝是大家子，仕宦于台阁，慎勿为妇死，贵贱情何薄!(《孔雀》)
(2)不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。(《明月几时有》)
(3)而欲投吴巨，巨是凡人，偏在远郡，行将为人所并，岂足托乎!(《赤壁》)
在更多的情况下，“为”是判断动词。如：
(4)公子姊为赵惠文王弟平原君夫人。(《信陵君》)
(5)今操得荆州，奄有其地，刘表治水军，蒙冲斗舰乃以千数，操悉浮以沿江，兼有步兵，水陆俱下，此为长江之险已与我共之矣。(《赤壁》)
(6)板印书籍，唐人尚未盛为之。五代时始印五经，已后典籍皆为板本。(沈括《活板》)
(7)我为赵将，有攻城野战之大功。(《廉颇》)
当时“为”的作用相当于现在的“是”。
2、用“者、也”做标记的判断句
用“者、也”做标记的判断句，按理说，有三种情况。
一种是有“者”也有“也”。如：
(1)蔺相如者，赵人也。(《廉颇》)
(2)且将军大势可以拒操者，长江也。(《赤壁》)
(3)zheye“离骚”者，犹离忧也。(《屈原》)
(4)彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。(《师说》)
这一类句子，都是“者”表示提顿，最后用“也”加强判断的语气。有“者”也有“也”的判断句是比较多的。
一种是有“者”没有“也”。这样的判断句很少。如：
(5)四人者：庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，余弟安国平父、安上纯父。(《褒禅》)
(6)莲之爱，同予者何人?(《爱莲说》)
(7)吾闻二世少子也，不当立，当立者乃公子扶苏。(《陈涉》)
还有一种判断句，只有“也”而没有“者”。如：
(8)我，子瑜友也。(《赤壁》)
(9)兵挫地削，亡其六郡，身客死于秦，为天下笑。此不知人之祸也。(《屈原》)
(10)曹公，豺虎也。(《赤壁》)
(11)此世所以不传也。(《石钟山》)
这样的判断句，靠“也”表达判断的语气。
(二)没有标记的判断句
这样的判断句是极少的。
(1)此人力士，晋鄙听，大善;不听，可使击之。(《信陵君》)
(2)秦，虎狼之国，不可信。不如毋行。(《屈原》)
这就是把主语和谓语放在一起，靠意思组合成判断句。
二、被动句
在文言文当中，使用“被”表示被动的句子不少。
(1)曲罢曾教善才服，妆成每被秋娘妒。(《琵琶行》)
(2)舞榭歌台，风流总被雨打风吹去。(《永遇乐》)
(3)信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎?(《屈原》)
很显然，这样的被动句，跟现在的被动句差不多。
(4)举世混浊而我独清，众人皆醉而我独醒，是以见放。(《屈原》)
(5)欲予秦，秦城恐不可得，徒见欺;欲勿予，即患秦兵之来。(《廉颇》)
这是使用“见”做标记的被动句，是现代汉语当中没有的。
(6)兵挫地削，亡其六郡，身客死于秦，为天下笑。此不知人之祸也。(《屈原》)
(7)升死，其印为予群从所得，至今保藏。(《活板》)
2文言文句式[高考复习]高二四热身
(8)而欲投吴巨，巨是凡人，偏在远郡，行将为人所并，岂足托乎!“(《赤壁》)
这是使用”为“做标记的被动句，现代汉语当中有时候也用。不过，文言文主要使用”于“做被动句的标记。
(9)臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵，故令人持璧归，间至赵矣。(《廉颇》)
(10)怀王以不知忠臣之分，故内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪。(《屈原》)
(11)夫赵强而燕弱，而君幸于赵王，故燕王欲结于君。(《廉颇》)
有时候，这个”于“也能省略掉。如：
(12)荆州之民附操者，逼兵势耳，非心服也。(《赤壁》)
”逼兵势“是”逼于兵势“。
三、倒装句
文言文中的倒装句比较多，有定中倒装句、动宾倒装句、介词短语倒装句、主谓倒装句等。
(一)定中倒装句
在一般情况下，定语应该放在中心词前面，如”彼童子之师“，”师“是中心词，定语”彼童子“处在中心词前面。但是，中心词也可以处在中心词后面，形成中心词在前，定语在后的句式，这就是定中倒装句。如：
(1)两岸青山相对出，孤帆一片日边来。(《望天门山》)
(2)村中少年好事者驯养一虫，自名”蟹壳青“，日与子弟角，无不胜。(《促织》)
(3)豫州军虽败于长坂，今战士还者及关羽水军精甲万人，刘琦合江夏战士亦不下万人。(《赤壁》)
(4)彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。(《师说》)
(1)的”一片“是定语，处在中心词”孤帆“的后面，(2)的”好事者“是定语，修饰的是中心词”少年“。”少年“前头还有定语”村中“。(3)的”还者“是修饰中心词”战士“的。(4)的”师“是中心词，前面定语?quot;彼童子”，后面定语是“授之书而习其句读者”，“师”的前后都有定语。
(二)动宾倒装句
在一般情况下，动词在前，宾语在后，这是汉语的语法规律。可是，有时候动词和宾语也可以倒装，让宾语处在到动词前面。在文言文当中，动宾倒装句是很有规律的，大约有三种情况。
1、否定句宾语提前
这样的句子必须是否定句;有了否定的条件，宾语就可以提到动词之前。如：
(1)古之人不余欺也!(《石钟山》)
(2)世溷浊而莫余知兮，吾方高驰而不顾。(《涉江》)
(3)自比于管仲、乐毅，时人莫之许也。(《隆中对》)
(4)然而不王者，未之有也。(《齐桓晋文之事》)
这些句子都是否定句，否定词是“不、莫、未”。(1)是“古人没有欺骗我”;动词是“欺”，宾语是“余”。(2)是“这个世界真浑浊，不能理解我”;“知”是动词，“余”是宾语。(3)是“当时的人并不认可他”;动词是“许”，宾语是“之”。(4)是“但是这样还不能做王，没有这样的事”;动词是“有”，宾语是“之”。
2、疑问句宾语提前
这种倒装句式的先决条件是，必须是个疑问句，而且是疑问代词做宾语。有了这个先决条件，疑问代词宾语就得提到动词前面去。
(1)大王来何操?(《鸿门宴》)
(2)沛公安在?(《鸿门宴》)
(3)客何为者?(《鸿门宴》)
(4)默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉!(《论语》)
(5)豫州今欲何至?(《赤壁》)
这些句子都是疑问句，疑问代词都是“何”，这个“何”就提到了动词前面。(1)是“操何”(带来了什么)，(2)是“在安”(在哪儿)，(3)是“为何”(做什么)，(4)是“有何”(有什么)，(5)是“至何”(到哪儿)。
3、用“之”帮助把宾语提前
这种句式，也必须是疑问句，
(1)宋何罪之有?(《公输》)
(2)何功之有哉?(《信陵君》)
(3)何陋之有?(《陋室铭》)
这种句式的特点是动词“有”在宾语后面，宾语在前面，动词和宾语之间有“之”。“何”是定语。(1)是“宋国有什么罪?”(2)是“有什么功劳?”(3)是“有什么简陋呢?”
3文言文句式[高考复习]高二四热身
动宾倒装句主要有否定句宾语提前、疑问句宾语提前、用“之”帮助把宾语提前这么三种情况。还有一些别的情况。如：“人君无愚、智、贤、不肖，莫不欲求忠以自为，举贤以自佐。(《屈原》)”“自佐”是“辅佐自己”。“故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。(《浪淘沙》)”“多情应笑我”是“应笑我多情”，宾语“多情”也提到了宾语的前面。
此外，还有其他的办法组成倒装句。如：“冀幸君之一悟，俗之一改也。(《屈原列传》?quot;这里不是用”之“帮忙，而是用”一“帮助把宾语提到动词前面去。
(三)介词短语倒装句
介词短语倒装句有两种情况。
1、介词短语后置句
介词短语后置句的特点是，应该在动词前面的介词短语，却放在了动词后面。”试以猪鬣撩拨虫须，仍不动。(《促织》)“介词短语”以猪鬣“放在动词”撩拨“的前面，这是正常的次序。如果介词短语放在动词的前面，说成”试撩拨虫须以猪鬣“，就成了介词短语倒装句。
(1)先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。(《出师表》)
(2)域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险。(《得道多助》)
(3)皆不可限以时月。缘土气有早晚，天时有愆伏。(《采草药》)
(4)及滑，郑商人弦高将市于周，遇之。(《崤之战》)
?(1)是”故临崩以大事寄臣“，(2)是”不以封疆之界域民“，(3)是”皆不可以时月限“，(4)是”郑商人弦高将于周市“(郑商人弦高将在周这个地方做买卖)。
2、介词宾语前置句
介词短语倒装句还包括介词短语本身倒装。在一般情况下，介词总是在前面，介词宾语总是在后面。可是有时候，介词在后，介词宾语在前，跟动宾倒装句的情况很相似。这就是介词宾语前置句。
(1)噫!微斯人，吾谁与归?(《岳阳楼》)
(2)臣舍人相如止臣曰：'君何以知燕王?'(《廉颇》)
(3)问：”何以战?“(《曹刿》)
(4)余是以记之，盖叹郦元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。(《石钟山》)
”谁与“是”与谁“(跟谁)，”何以“是”以何“(凭什么)，”是以“是”以是“(因此)。
其他的倒装句，还有主谓倒装句，如”甚矣，汝之不惠(《愚公》)“”安在公子能急人之困也!(《信陵君》)“，可以认为这是修辞方面的倒装句，这样的句子是不多的。
四、省略句
文言是最精练的语言，最讲究省略，省略句非常多，主要有主语的省略、谓语的省略、宾语的省略、介词短语的省略。
(一)主语的省略
在文言文当中，省略主语是很常见的，有承前省略，有对话省略，承宾省略等。
(1)儿俱，啼告母。母闻之，()面色灰死。(《促织》)
(2)备曰：”()与苍梧太守吴巨有旧，欲往投之。“(《赤壁》)
(3)作亭者谁?()山之僧智仙也。名之者谁?太守自谓也。(《醉翁亭》)
(4)居五日，桓侯体痛，使人索扁鹊，()已逃秦矣。桓侯遂死。(《扁鹊》)
(1)是”儿俱，儿啼告母“”母闻之，母面色灰死“，这是主语承前省略。(2)是”吾与苍梧太守吴巨有旧“，(3)是”作亭者乃山之僧智仙也“，这是在对话中省略主语。(4)是”扁鹊已逃秦矣“，而”扁鹊“是上一句的宾语，这是承宾省略。
在古汉语当中，主语可以换来换去，如：
(5)见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。(《桃花源》)
(6)永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章;触草木，尽死;以啮人，无御之者。(《捕蛇》)
(5)是”桃源人见渔人，桃源人乃大惊，桃源人问所从来。渔人具答之。桃源人便要渔人还家，桃源人设酒杀鸡作食“，(6)是”永州之野产异蛇，异蛇黑质而白章;异蛇触草木，草木尽死;异蛇以啮人，人无御之者“。见到这样的句子，要依靠上下文，边读边补充省略了的成分。
篇5：高中文言文特殊句式复习倒装句之状语后置
高中文言文特殊句式复习倒装句之状语后置
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前，若置于位于之后便是补语。但在文言文中，处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。例如：
《鸿门宴》：“将军战河北，臣战河南。”“战河南”即“战(于)河南”，应理解为“于河南战”。《促织》：“覆之以掌”即“以掌覆之”应理解为“用手掌覆盖(蟋蟀)”。
另外，还有定语置于中心词之后，修饰名词的量词放在名词之后等特殊现象。
五亩之宅，树之以桑，五十者可以衣帛矣 《寡人之于国也》《孟子》
谨庠序之教，申之以孝悌之义，颁白者可以不负戴于道路也《寡人之于国也》《孟子》
举所佩玉抉以示之者三。 《鸿门宴》《史记》
若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。 《烛之武退秦师》《左传》
虽董之以严刑，振(震)之以威怒 《谏太宗十思疏》魏征
孰与君少长?——与君孰少长? 《鸿门宴》《史记》
青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。 《劝学》《荀子》
君子博学而日参省乎己。 《劝学》《荀子》
生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之。 《师说》韩愈
为坛而盟，祭以尉首。 《陈涉世家》《史记》
静女其姝，俟我于城隅。 《邶风?静女》《诗经》
况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上。 《赤壁赋》苏轼
相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 《赤壁赋》苏轼
柱以白壁，砌以青玉，床以珊瑚，帘以水晶。 《柳毅传》李朝威
命坐于灵虚之下。 《柳毅传》李朝威
篇6：高考英语语法填空形容词知识点与分词作后置定语表
高考英语语法填空形容词知识点
什么是形容词
形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词，常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：
a lovely baby一个可爱的婴儿
the beautiful picture那幅美丽的图画
modern history现代历史
形容词的用法
形容词在句中可用作：
1)定语
He is a good boy.他是个好孩子。
The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国共产党是伟大的党。
2)表语
The film is both moving and instructive.这部电影很感动人，而且富有教育意义。
I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。
3)宾语补足语 和宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：
Have you got everything ready for the journey? 你行装都准备好了吗?
We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我们经常保持房间的整洁。
4)相当于名词 某些形容词前用定冠词the，变成名词化的形容词，可在句中作主语、宾语等。如：
The young are active.青年人积极好动。(the young作主语)
The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能够用指尖学习阅读书籍。(the blind作主语)
He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。(the new作宾语)
[注一] 上述三例中的the young = the young people，the blind the Blind people，the new the new things.(参看3.4的7)
[注二]在The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容词red和Don't marry young(不要早婚)中的形容词young都是主语补足语。
形容词的位置
形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前。关于形容词有时可以后置的问题(见16.18)，但如有一个以上的形容词修饰名词，这些形容词的顺序则由它们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般说来，关系最密切的最*近被修饰的名词，关系较疏远的离被修饰的名词也较远。如：
a large wild plant一株很大的野生植物
a simple musical instrument一种简单的乐器
a small fierce dark brown animal一种小而凶的深褐色动物(注意dark修饰brown)
以上例子中的形容词之间并非并列关系，如第一例中的1arge与wild并非并列，而1arge所修饰的是wild plant。如表并列关系，形容词之间须用逗号或and。如：
a strong, swift horse一匹又壮又快的马
many happy and healthy children很多幸福而健康的儿童
a short and militant article一篇简短有力的文章(militant一词较长，放在short之后，这也是英语里安排形容词位置的一种方法。)
形容词的比较等级及其形式
英语形容词比较等级(degrees of comparison)一般有两个：即比较级(comparative degree)和最高级 (superlative degree)。不用比较等级的形容词通常称为原级(positive degree)。形容词的比较级形式是：”形容词 + 后缀 -er “或”单词 more + 形容词“。它的最高级形式是：”形容词 + 后缀 -est “或”单词 most + 形容词。
[注一] 形容词比较等级所加的-er和-est，自成一个音节，分别读作[E]和[ist]o如：
原级 比较级 最高级
tall [tC:l] taller[5tC:lE] tallest[5tC:list]
happy [5hApi] happier[5hApiE] happiest[5hApiist]
thin [Win] thinner [5WinE] thinnest [5Winist]
fine [fain] finer [5fainE] finest [5fainist]
[注二] 如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母r，加-er和-est时，r要发[r]音。如：
near [niE] nearer [5niErE] nearest[5niErist]
clear [kliE] clearer[5kliErE] clearest [5kiErist]
如果形容词原级词末的发音为[N]，在加-er和-est时，[N]音后得加一个[g]音。如：
strong [strCN] stronger [5strCNgE] strongest [5strCNgist]
long [lCN] longer [5lCNgE] longest [5lCNgist]
[注三] 有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：
right, wrong，woolen，wooden.
不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good好
we11好，健康的 better best
bad 坏，差 worse worst
many 多 more most
much 多
little 小，少 1ess 1east
far 远 farther，further farthest，furthest
形容词前如加1ess和least，则表示“较不”和“最不”。如：
interesting有趣 difficult 难
less interesting 较无趣 less difficult 较不难
least interesting 最无趣 leas difficult最不难
形容词比较级的用法
比较级用于二者的比较，其结构是：含有形容词比较级的主句+从属连词 than 引导的从句(从句中常省去意义上和主句相同的部分)。如：
Li is older than Zhou. 李比周年纪大。(从句中省去了is old)
There are more children in this nursey than in that one.这个托儿所的孩子比那个托儿所多。(从句中省去了 there are children)
After two years' physical training，she is healthier and stronger.
经过两年的体力锻炼，她(比以前)健康强壮多了。(注意这里省去了从句than she was)
We are much better off than ever before.我们的生活比过去任何时候都要好得多。(than后省去了we were)
Paul weighs less than harry.保尔的体重比哈利轻。
Mary is less clever than Jane.玛丽不如简那么聪明。
[注一] 汉语可以说“昆明的气候比兰州好”。英语必须加that，译为：
The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.
[注二]英语比较级常译作“较…”、“…一些”等，但不等于汉语的“更…”。汉语的“更…”须用“still”或“even”来表示如：
This book is even more difficult than that one.这本书比那本书更难。
[注三]有些情况下，汉语不用“较”等字眼，英语则须用比较级，如：
Will the younger people give their seats to old people?请年轻人把座位让给老年人好不好?
形容词最高级的用法
形容词最高级用于二者以上的比较，其结构一般是：定冠词the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。如：
Peter is the oldest boy of them all.彼得是这群男孩中年纪最大的。(介语短语of them all表示范围)
London is the biggest city in Britain，伦敦是英国最大的城市。(介词短语in Britain表示范围)
Mt. Qomolangma is the World's highest peak。珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰。 (注意这里表示范围的是名词所有格 the world's)
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。(that在口语中一般省略，that从句表示范围)
[注一]形容词最高级后的名词如果在前面已提过，可省去。如：
This novel is the best (that) I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。
[注二]在口语中，形容词最高级也可以用于二者的比较。如：
This is the shortest of the two roads.这是两条路中最近的一条路。
[注三] 形容词最高级用作表语表品质时，其前不用定冠词the。如：He is happiest when he is working.他工作时最愉快。
分词作后置定语
分 词 | 例句 | |
作限制性定语 | His son studying law will leave for New York. 他学习法律的儿子将前往纽约。 The things being discussed are very important. 正讨论事情非常重要。 | |
作非限制性定语 | His son, studying law, will leave for New York. 他的儿子学习法律, 将前往纽约。 The things being discussed are very important. 事情非常重要,正讨论。 | |
现在分词 | 单个分词 | The girls shopping are my nieces. 购物女孩是我的侄女。 On the day following we left for Paris 第二天我们前往巴黎。 |
分词短语 | A man sitting in the waiting-room wanted to see the doctor. 在候诊室中坐着的男人想找医生看病。 People living in the mountains are very hospitable. 住在山的人非常好客。 | |
过去分词 | 单个分词 | A penny saved is a penny earned. 节约一个便士就等于赚一个便士。 The samples used were sent by Mr. Wang. 所用的样品由王先生送来。 |
分词短语 | Is this the book loved by little boys? 这是小男孩喜爱的书吗? I like to read letters written in English. 我喜欢读英语写的信。 |
篇7：高三英语复习与训练十七、十八、十九、二十一--名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 、连词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三英语复习与训练十七、十八、十九、二十一--名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 、连词
17. 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词： that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了，我们很高兴。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有“or not”
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。
17.2 名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
17.3 名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成。例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
17.5 否定转移
1）将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如：
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2）将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如：
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3）有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如：
I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。（not否定动名词短语 having…）
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。（anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。）
4）有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。例如：
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. （否定状语） 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. （否定because状语）
他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty.（否定状语many weeks） 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美
貌着了迷。
18. 定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常
出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。
18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3） that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。
18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：
（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b） 介词后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a） 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b） 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c） 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d） 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e） 先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
19. 状语从句
19.1 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
19.2 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1）as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体。例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
19.3 原因状语从句
比较because, since, as和for：
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
19.4 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。
19.5 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
19.6 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not. 例如：
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
19.7 让步状语从句
1）though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
2） as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。
3） ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。
4） whether…or… 不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。
5） “no matter +疑问词” 或“疑问词+后缀ever” 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
19.8 比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后，你可以休息一下。
3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。例如：
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
19.9 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
2）It is not until… that… 。例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
19.10 表示“一…就…”的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。例如：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
20. 连词
连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, （and）then等等。
20.1 并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1） and 与or
判断改错：（错）They sat down and talk about something.
（错）They started to dance and sang.
（错）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
（对）They sat down and talked about something.
（对）They started to dance and sing.
（对）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如：
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. 拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed. 再努力一下，你会成功的。
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2） both…and 两者都。例如：
She plays （both） the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
3） not only…but （also）, as well as不但…而且。例如：
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。
4） neithe…nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。例如：
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
20.2 比较and和or
1） 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2） 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water.
（错）We can't live without air or water.
（对）We will die without air or water.
（对）We can't live without air and water.
20.3 表示选择的并列结构
1） or意思为“否则”。例如：
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。
2） either…or 意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如：
Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。
20.4 表示转折或对比
1） but表示转折，while表示对比。例如：
Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2） not…but… 意思为“不是…而是…”，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but （the bones） of a human being. 这些不是动物的骨头，而是人的。
20.5 表原因关系
1） for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
判断改错：（错） For he is ill, he is absent today.
（对） He is absent today, for he is ill.
2） so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如：
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，不能上场。
I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
20.6 比较so和 such
such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a（n） + n.
so + adj. + a（n） + n. such + n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （pl.） such +n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （不可数） such +n.（不可数）
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/ little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。
20.7 连词和从句练习
1. I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed the book.
a. on condition that b. now that c. except that d. considering that
2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent ______ he wanted to get into trouble
a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. whether
3. Strange ______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
a. although b. even if c. that d. as
4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone.
a. the place b. of where c. about the place d. where
5. The professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear him.
a. such that b. so c. so that d. such
6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of ______ in Spain.
a. what he had seen b. that he had seen c. which he had seen d. he had seen what
7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by means of ______ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted.
a. whom b. which c. what d. that
8. I don’t know why she’s looking at me ______ she knew me. I’ve never seen her before in my life.
a. as b. although c. even if d. as if
9. No sooner had he finished his speech ______ stormy applause broke out.
a. when b. then c. than d. as
10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. ______ you correct them conscientiously, it will be all right.
a. In the case b. As long as c. Although d. Despite
11. Geometry, ______ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
a. that b. about that c. which d. about which
12. The highest temperature ______ in any furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade.
a. we can get b. that we can get it c. which we can get it d. what we can get
13. We sent the horses to a considerable distance, ______ they should disturb the children.
a. less b. lest c. last d. least
14. Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner ______.
a. as in air b. as through air c. as air does d. like air
15. _____ he was putting on his uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn.
a. Since b. Unless c. As d. Before
16. The police finally caught up with the man ______ was the escaped prisoner.
a. who they thought b. whom they thought
c. they thought him d. that they thought him
17. ______ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the radio station.
a. Whoever b. Those c. Whichever people d. Any people
18. ______ do you believe is not about to support our plan?
a. Whom b. Who c. Whomever d. Which
19. He didn’t know French, ______ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.
a. that b. as c. this d. which
20. She is a fine singer, ______ her mother used to be
a. like b. that c. as d. which
21. ______, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.
a. Lover of towns I am b. As lover of towns
c. Lover of towns as am I d. Though am I the lover of towns
22. The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in ______ he had not had much schooling.
a. which b. that c. what d. the way
23. She always takes careful notes in class ______ she may review them from time to time.
a. so that b. in order to c. because of d. rather than
24. The reason he was late is ______ his clock didn’t give the alarm.
a. because b. due to c. since d. that
25. ______ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends.
a. What b. That c. Which d. Though
26. I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught.
a. such b. as c. what d. for
27. ______ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
a. That b. Whatever c. Whichever d. However
28. She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice ______.
a. that I give it to her b. which I give to her
c. what I give to her d. I give it to her
29. I was supposed to be a mathematics major, but I actually took ______ courses in physics, if not more.
a. so many b. as many c. a good many d. such many
30. Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. so is a liquid d. as does a liquid
31. He explained everything over again ______ anyone should misunderstand her.
a. since b. when c. lest d. as if
32. ______ convincing an argument is, it needs support of evidence.
a. Whatever b. However c. Although d. Even if
33. Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
a. and b. however c. but d. wherever
34. ______ we gave him anything to eat, he would save it up for his little brother.
a. When b. That c. Whenever d. What
35. The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.
a. because she will be disappointed b. because she will have a disappointment
c. that she will be disappointed d. for which she will be disappointed
36.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______ to teach you the art of learning.
a. than b. rather than c. nor d. as
37. If the design was wrong, the project is bound to fail, ______ good all the other ideas might be.
a. whatever b. however c. whatsoever d. even
38. He gave ______ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products were described.
a. who b. those c. whom d. whoever
39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
a. in that b. in order that c. in which d. that
40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility.
a. whom b. whomever c. whoever d. that
41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he would not step down form his position as chairman.
a. in which b. where c. because d. that
42. ______ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home.
a. Just as b. Because c. As long as d. When as
43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, ______ are shown opposite.
a. two examples of it b. two examples of which
c. whose two example d. which two examples
44. ______ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors.
a. Although b. When c. Until d. Ever since
45. ______ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them.
a. Whatever b. Whichever c. However d. What
46. He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.
a. as b. that c. for d. when
47. ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
a. Until b. If c. Unless d. Provided
48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on ______.
a. what it is trimmed b. how it trimmed c. that is trimmed d. how it is trimmed
49. Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils.
a. which b. that c. for which d. in that
50. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______.
a. when he first introduced b. that he first introduced it
c. he first introduced d. which he first introduced it
51. Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just sound.
a. what is the difference b. the difference is what
c. what the difference is c. that what the difference
52. Contrary to ______ I had expected, he lost for a second time.
a. that b. what c. which d. who
53. Professor Smith was so punctual ______, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang.
a. that the day he died b. until the day he died
c. that until the day he died d. until the day when he died
54. ______ he came to England to study, he didn’t know how to cook.
a. When b. since c. Until d. Unless
55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, ______ he is very hard to deal with.
a. but b. so c. so that d. yet
56. ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mother’s pouch.
a. Until b. Not until c. After d. Only until
57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______ there was storage space for writing materials.
a. under that b. under which c. which d. that
58. I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will forget to pay it back.
a. if b. whether c. that d. of
59. ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.
a. If b. Unless c. Until d. Since
60. ______ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy.
a. When b. After c. Although d. Before
61. Not long after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of telescope ______ mirrors instead of lenses.
a. which used b. in which he used c. that he used d. in that he used
62. _____ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man.
a. Much I admire b. Much as I admire c. As much I admire d. As I admire much
63. I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again.
a. as be because c. lest d. unless
64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs.
a. when there b. than there c. than d. that
65. A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a door.
a. that b. whose c. those d. what
66. I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me.
a. all what b. all that c. which d. all whatever
67. ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school.
a. That b. What c. In spite of what d. Though what
68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______ man has invented.
a. which b. that c. as d. since
69. ______ he performed the task with success.
a. It was expected b. Which was expected
c. As was expected d. That was expected
70. The size of the audience, ______ I had expected, was well over ten thousand.
a. which b. that c. as d. whom
71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, ______ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge.
a. as b. so c. such d. once
72. ______ you try, you’ll never lose your English accent.
a. No matter what b. How hard c. No matter how hard d. Whatever hard
73. ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load.
a. Despite b. Provided c. Unless d. Even if
74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, ______.
a. and that shocked the world b. and which shocked the world
c. this fact shocked the world d. which shocked the world
75. The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate computers as well.
a. while b. when c. as d. on which
76. This machine is new. ______, it is in excellent condition.
a. Furthermore b. However c. Otherwise d. but
77. This room had but a single window, ______ were kept closed when it was not in use.
a. which its shutters b. its shutters of which
c. the shutters of which d. which shutters
78. The old man is no coward; ______ he is a man of high spirits.
a. rather than b. on the contrary c. on the other hand d. at the same time
79. Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are falling.
a. which where and how much b. where and how
c. where and how d. where and how much
80. Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4,000 years.
a. and its b. whose history c. its history d. and which
81. They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad.
a. according as b. as for c. in as much as d. as regards
82. The story of his upbringing is shocking ______.
a. to all that read it b. to all who reads it c. to all which read it d. to all who read it
83. You should get the license in two weeks; ______, you’ll have to pay a fine.
a. yet b. still c. or d. consequently
84. I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his destination.
a. then b. when c. the moment d. than
85. He had a large collection of books, ______ are written in foreign languages.
a. many b. many ones of which c. many of which d. many in which
86. The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university.
a. their b. that c. whose d. of whom
87. Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will erupt again.
a. when b. which c. is that d. and when
88. ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness.
a. It is the man b. What the man c. That the man d. The man has
89. ______ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends.
a. During the time that b. At the moment that
c. In spite of the fact that d. On the ground that
90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit ______ there is an accident.
a. in case b. in the event of c. in condition d. but that
91. The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.
a. that b. such that c. what d. so that
92. That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man.
a. who he operated b. that he operated
c. who operated d. that operated him
93. _____ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer.
a. Complicated though it is b. Though is it complicated
c. As it is complicated d. Complicated as it is
94. He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
a. unless b. so b. lest d. for fear
95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world ______.
a. that he works b. which he works c. he works in c. he works
96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problem ______ can be solved.
a. that b. as c. but d. which
97. ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.
a. Nearly b. That nearly c. It is nearly d. When nearly
98. In the testing period, the students spent ______ much time in the classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject.
a. as, as b. as, that c. so, that d. such, that
99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same ______.
a. like theirs b. as they c. as theirs d. as them
100. The audience, ______ enjoyed the performance.
a. most of them were students b. most of whom were students
c. whom they were students d. they were mostly students
101. ______ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger diameters.
a. While b. If c. Unless d. As
102. Mr. Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment, ______ he were late?
a. but what if b. how about c. so what d. and what about
103. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.
a. by which time b. by the time c. by that time d. by some time
104. I have little doubt about his competence; ______ he is well-qualified for the job.
a. although b. because c. moreover d. yet
105. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons.
a. energy that b. that it is energy c. it is energy d. that energy
106. ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces.
a. Danger can be b. They can be dangerous
c. What can be dangerous d. While danger
107. ______ these questions may sound academic, answers to them could have profound economic and political significance.
a. Since b. If c. While d. Lest
108. A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth.
a. less the farther it gets b. the farther it gets
c. less than it gets farther d. less than it, the farther it gets
109. ______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.
a. That b. Because c. Whatever d. However
110. ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals.
a. That b. It c. Which d. As
111. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
a. there b. wherever c. somewhere d. anywhere
112. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.
a. upon which to base b. which to base upon
c. which to be based on d. to which to be based
113. Twelve is to six ______ two is to one.
a. what b. which c. that d. when
114. ______, she knows French well.
a. A child as she is b. Child as she is c. As she is a child d. The child as she is
115. ______, they could find nobody in the house.
a. As they would search b. Would as they search
c. Search as they would d. They would search as
连词和从句练习答案
1 A 19 D 37 B 55 D 73 D 91 B 109 C
2 B 20 C 38 D 56 B 74 D 92 C 110 D
3 D 21 A 39 A 57 B 75 B 93 D 111 B
4 B 22 B 40 C 58 C 76 A 94 D 112 A
5 C 23 A 41 D 59 D 77 C 95 C 113 A
6 A 24 D 42 A 60 D 78 B 96 C 114 B
7 B 25 B 43 B 61 B 79 D 97 B 115 C
8 D 26 B 44 D 62 B 80 B 98 A 116
9 C 27 B 45 A 63 C 81 A 99 C 117
10 B 28 B 46 B 64 A 82 A 100 B 118
11 D 29 B 47 C 65 D 83 C 101 D 119
12 A 30 D 48 D 66 B 84 B 102 A 120
13 B 31 C 49 D 67 C 85 C 103 A 121
14 B 32 B 50 B 68 B 86 C 104 C 122
15 C 33 D 51 C 69 C 87 A 105 D 123
16 A 34 C 52 B 70 C 88 B 106 C 124
17 A 35 C 53 C 71 A 89 A 107 C 125
18 B 36 D 54 C 72 C 90 A 108 A 126
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