以下是小编给大家收集的丹尼尔笛福简介，本文共7篇，欢迎大家前来参阅。
篇1：丹尼尔笛福简介
英国作家。英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为欧洲的“小说之父”，“英国小说之父”，“英国报纸之父“和“现代新闻报道之父”等。
其代表作有《辛格尔顿船长》、《摩尔·弗兰德斯》、《杰克上校》、《罗克查娜》、《伦敦大疫记》、《一个骑士的回忆录》等，这些小说对英国及欧洲小说的发展都起了巨大的影响以及作用。
笛福生于伦敦一个油烛商家庭，年轻的时候，是一个成功的商人。在从事商业的同时，他还从事政治活动，代表当时日益上升的资产阶级出版了大量的政治性小册子，并因此被捕。笛福直到晚年才开始创作小说。写《鲁滨逊漂流记》时，他已59岁了。
代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》中，乐观又勇敢的鲁滨逊通过努力，靠智慧和勇气战胜了困难，表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。
篇2：丹尼尔笛福英文简介
Defoe lives in the period of capitalist development, he belongs to the bourgeoisie, he is the middle class bourgeois spokesperson.
Defoe life is most concerned about the development of capitalism, he strongly praised the bourgeoisie, he believes that the core issue of a country's development is the development of trade. ”Give us trade is to give us everything“, ”trade is the world's prosperous life“, which is his most fundamental proposition. Because he thought that trade made the manufacturing and maritime industry development, so that people have work, there are clothing to wear, have food, materials and therefore can maintain high prices, and can maintain a high rent, so the upper society also benefit. As long as there are hard-working people to develop trade, any place will flourish. All his economic works and some political works have played this proposition, put forward a number of specific recommendations. Defarge's idea of developing the economy is conducive to the development of the British society, but he enthusiastically supports the colonial system, proposes to seize and operate the colonies, propose ways to expand trade with backward countries, and embrace slaves. All this shows his class limitations.
Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the ”gentleman“ who looked down on ”civilians“. He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. Praised his class, he in the ”Rosanna“ where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:
Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.
Defoe's attitude towards the working people is twofold. He believes that the root of the crime is poor, rich people are not guilty. Moore Flanders and Rohsana are embraced by the glorious path, because of poverty, so he is also sympathetic to the two characters. He advocated the development of industry and commerce to make the people work. But on the other hand, he was the workers working long time, low wages, underage children will work and other brutal exploitation of the phenomenon as a matter of course. This is the employer's point of view.
Defoe accepted Locke's political thought, opposes despotism, and advocates civil rights. At that time the British parliament was the upper echelon of politicians fighting infighting places, bribing and all kinds of dirty means of public. Workers, peasants and the petty bourgeoisie are not represented at all. Defoe advocates that the basic right of man is that no one, including the king, the cabinet, and the congress, can not be violated. ”The British are neither kings nor slaves of Congress.“ Defoe advocated freedom of religious belief, although the British did not like France, Spain, as in the religious issue of extreme autocracy, but the religion outside the Protestant denominations and Catholic believers are also a variety of restrictions. He is a non-state religion Protestant, who is a petty bourgeoisie who demands a political system that is in line with the ”revolutionary principle“ and demands freedom of belief. Defoe is the spokesman for this faction. He argues that the people should be educated and advocated for women to be educated.
In general, the thought of Defoe was progressive at the time, but the limitations of his thought were great. The bourgeoisie was still a progressive class and still struggled against feudal forces. Conservative aristocrats, landlords do not produce, sit huge rent income, the bourgeoisie organized large-scale industrial and commercial promotion of social development.
The petty bourgeoisie, on the one hand, has the same place as the big bourgeoisie, and on the other, with the ruling class big bourgeoisie and aristocrats, and demand more liberal politics. Therefore, Defoe's views on the development of capitalism, against feudal forces, against political undemocratic, and against monopolies are all progressive. But he was subject to the constraints of the times and class prejudice and colonial system and racial discrimination, which is consistent with the big bourgeoisie, is reactionary. To the working people, he is only concerned with making them work and producing wealth, which coincides with the demands of capitalism. Defoe thought on this duality, clearly manifested in his literary works.
Defoe is deeply understood by the characters he describes, and he is good at writing individuals to overcome difficulties in an unfavorable environment. His hero is intelligent, energetic, unbelief, believe in ”common sense“. Plot, structure does not fall ax chisel trace. He is particularly good at describing the environment, the details of the fidelity, fictional scene written so that people as immersive.
Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the ”gentleman“ who looked down on ”civilians“. He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. Praised his class, he in the ”Rosanna“ where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:
Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.
丹尼尔笛福英文简介相关
篇3：丹尼尔笛福英文简介
Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British writer. British Enlightenment era realism rich novels founder, known as the ”father of the novel“, ”the father of British novels“ and ”the father of the British newspaper“ and so on. His works are readable. Believe in Protestant William III. His representative ”Robinson Crusoe“, optimistic and brave Robinson through the efforts, by virtue of wisdom and courage to overcome the difficulties, the performance of the pursuit of adventure, advocate personal struggle of the social atmosphere.
丹尼尔·笛福人物生平
Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British novelist, founder of the British Enlightenment era of realism novels, known as the ”father of European novels.“ Was born in the British capital of London, father camp slaughtering industry (one that is oil candle business), so instead chose to do business. He travel extensively, operating underwear in the early years, tobacco and alcohol, wool fabric, brick industry, went to the mainland business.
In 1684, Defoe married a daughter of a wine business, got the woman's home worth 3700 pounds of dowry. He strokes his brother and brother and brother as a partner to start a small department store trading. In addition, it is still doing business in Europe, often making wine trade to increase revenue. However, he followed the Puritan principle in the ”drunken“ business, against the sale of gin and the usual spirits.
In 1685 Defoe attended the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth against the Catholic kings.
In 1688 the Dutch believe in Protestant William led his army to land in England, inherited the British throne, Defoe participated in his army.
In 1692 he was bankrupt, debt amounted to 17,000 pounds, and later failed, and thus had to use a variety of ways to make a living. He has acted as a secret intelligence officer of the government, designed various development undertakings, and engaged in writing.
In 1698 he published ”on the development“, to promote highway construction, bank, bankruptcy law, set up crazy homes, do water and fire insurance, levy income tax, school and so on.
In 1701 he published a satirical poem ”real British“, that there is no purebred British, against the aristocratic Catholic forces, for the foreign faith in Protestant William III defense. This song is printed with version 9.
1702 issued a political theory ”to eliminate the different sects of the shortcut“, with irony, against the national religion oppression of different sects, clever writing, began to be seen is against Christians, after being found, by the fine and jail punishment, imprisonment 6 Month, flog three times, but by the people of London as a hero. In the prison he imitated the Greek poet Pinarross's song to write a ”lie“ (1703), satirical law unfairly.
In 1704, Daniel Defoe won the ”Review“ magazine for Whig's party leader Harry, which was supported by Harry's England-Scottish coalition policy. After 11 years he has been between England and Scotland, as Harry and his successor Toli Pie Gordorfen secret intelligence officer, to collect public opinion. During this period, he wrote a short term imprisonment, but never terminated for the Whig party in power to collect intelligence, newspaper, write articles.
Defoe began writing novels at the age of 59. In 1719 the first novel, ”Robinson Crusoe“ published, popular, he succeeded in shaping the image of an idealized bourgeois, in the history of European novels is a pioneering work. The same year and published a sequel.
1720 and wrote ”Robinson's pensive set.“ Since then, he has written several novels: ”Captain Singleton“ ”Moore Flanders“ ”Colonel Jack“ and so on. In addition, he also wrote a number of biographies, such as ”deaf man Campbell“, ”Peter Emperor Ji“, several domestic and foreign travel, such as ”New Global Travel“ ”Roberts Captain four travel“ and so on. His novel to ”Robinson Crusoe“ spread the most widely, is considered his masterpiece.
It is said that Flute has been associated with 26 magazines, some people call him ”the father of modern news reports.“ His works, including a large number of political books, a total of 250 species, and both are the need to develop the development of the bourgeoisie, write the city middle class interested and concerned about the issue. (1722), written in 1665 London plague, the occurrence of the plague, the spread of the plague, the plague of the plague, the plague of the plague, It caused terror and panic, as well as the number of deaths, the situation of the escape was written as immersive. At that time the French Marseille plague epidemic, causing people's special attention, Defoe's work to meet the public's curiosity on plague.
After the ”Robinson Crusoe“, he wrote some excellent works, including ”Moore Flanders“ and ”Colonel Jack“, which were classified as British literary classics.
”Robinson Crusoe“ best-selling prompted him to write ”Robinson Crusoe sequel“, he let his hero made a global travel, Robinson's most journey is starting from Beijing, across Siberia to Russia Hangeersk. He has not been to China, but in the sequel talked about the time the European people do not know Heilongjiang.
Defoe was too comfortable in his later years, and wrote a few books, some creditors have died, he sold a small brick factory with a small amount of money back to other people's debt, still not far from London to purchase A suite. However, he also has ups and downs, and creditors live in harmony, and could not expect a creditor's widow made a new lawsuit, the judicial machine again spin up, he was to avoid the property was confiscated, the housing and property transfer to his son The His son is a capable journalist, who wants him or a villain. Defoe wrote: ”I put myself in his subordinate position, trust him, entrusted him to other children who have no living security, and he has not even compassionate, tortured the children, tortured himself The unfortunate mother, who lived a very rich life.
The flute of the seventies had to hide from the debt, and he had rented rooms in the center of London's old town.
On the day of the 1731 day, the London Courier reported that the evening of the evening, the famous Daniel Defoe died in his own apartment in the Canakan Boulevard. The British love to write their own pretense, written cute, witty and brief. Defoe also wrote that he wanted to write on his tombstone: “Daniel Defoe”. But they are another consideration, they wrote on his tombstone: “Daniel Defoe:” Robinson Crusoe “author.
篇4：丹尼尔笛福英文简介
Defoe lives in the period of capitalist development, he belongs to the bourgeoisie, he is the middle class bourgeois spokesperson.
Defoe life is most concerned about the development of capitalism, he strongly praised the bourgeoisie, he believes that the core issue of a country's development is the development of trade. ”Give us trade is to give us everything“, ”trade is the world's prosperous life“, which is his most fundamental proposition. Because he thought that trade made the manufacturing and maritime industry development, so that people have work, there are clothing to wear, have food, materials and therefore can maintain high prices, and can maintain a high rent, so the upper society also benefit. As long as there are hard-working people to develop trade, any place will flourish. All his economic works and some political works have played this proposition, put forward a number of specific recommendations. Defarge's idea of developing the economy is conducive to the development of the British society, but he enthusiastically supports the colonial system, proposes to seize and operate the colonies, propose ways to expand trade with backward countries, and embrace slaves. All this shows his class limitations.
Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the ”gentleman“ who looked down on ”civilians“. He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. Praised his class, he in the ”Rosanna“ where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:
Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.
Defoe's attitude towards the working people is twofold. He believes that the root of the crime is poor, rich people are not guilty. Moore Flanders and Rohsana are embraced by the glorious path, because of poverty, so he is also sympathetic to the two characters. He advocated the development of industry and commerce to make the people work. But on the other hand, he was the workers working long time, low wages, underage children will work and other brutal exploitation of the phenomenon as a matter of course. This is the employer's point of view.
Defoe accepted Locke's political thought, opposes despotism, and advocates civil rights. At that time the British parliament was the upper echelon of politicians fighting infighting places, bribing and all kinds of dirty means of public. Workers, peasants and the petty bourgeoisie are not represented at all. Defoe advocates that the basic right of man is that no one, including the king, the cabinet, and the congress, can not be violated. ”The British are neither kings nor slaves of Congress.“ Defoe advocated freedom of religious belief, although the British did not like France, Spain, as in the religious issue of extreme autocracy, but the religion outside the Protestant denominations and Catholic believers are also a variety of restrictions. He is a non-state religion Protestant, who is a petty bourgeoisie who demands a political system that is in line with the ”revolutionary principle“ and demands freedom of belief. Defoe is the spokesman for this faction. He argues that the people should be educated and advocated for women to be educated.
In general, the thought of Defoe was progressive at the time, but the limitations of his thought were great. The bourgeoisie was still a progressive class and still struggled against feudal forces. Conservative aristocrats, landlords do not produce, sit huge rent income, the bourgeoisie organized large-scale industrial and commercial promotion of social development.
The petty bourgeoisie, on the one hand, has the same place as the big bourgeoisie, and on the other, with the ruling class big bourgeoisie and aristocrats, and demand more liberal politics. Therefore, Defoe's views on the development of capitalism, against feudal forces, against political undemocratic, and against monopolies are all progressive. But he was subject to the constraints of the times and class prejudice and colonial system and racial discrimination, which is consistent with the big bourgeoisie, is reactionary. To the working people, he is only concerned with making them work and producing wealth, which coincides with the demands of capitalism. Defoe thought on this duality, clearly manifested in his literary works.
Defoe is deeply understood by the characters he describes, and he is good at writing individuals to overcome difficulties in an unfavorable environment. His hero is intelligent, energetic, unbelief, believe in ”common sense“. Plot, structure does not fall ax chisel trace. He is particularly good at describing the environment, the details of the fidelity, fictional scene written so that people as immersive.
Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the ”gentleman“ who looked down on ”civilians“. He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. Praised his class, he in the ”Rosanna" where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:
Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.
篇5：笛福简介
荒岛余生分析
课文研讨
一、整体把握
对于《鲁滨孙漂流记》这部世界名著，在一段时间里，受“左”的思想影响，权威的解读往往过于强调意识形态，把鲁滨孙看作是当时处于上升阶段的资产阶级殖民者的典型，而对于鲁滨孙身上所拥有的人类优秀品质的精华（如坚忍不拔、勤勉实干、创造进取等）没有给予充分的关注。实际上，这部小说诗歌文学作品之所以能打动无数的读者，乃在于这部被称为“生活的教科书”的小说诗歌文学作品，启发人们去思考生命的意义和价值。正因如此，在欧美的许多国家，这部小说诗歌文学作品一直被当做儿童的必读书。由此看来，可以从不同角度来解读这部小说诗歌文学作品，这里则可把重点放在代表人类创造、进取典型的“鲁滨孙精神”这一点上。
这篇课文，既没有节选鲁滨孙海上遇难、生死系于一发的惊心动魄的情节，也没有节选鲁滨孙在荒岛上如何历尽艰辛谋生的传奇故事，这里节选的部分，并没有多少故事，大都围绕鲁滨孙落难荒岛之初的心理活动展开叙述。课文呈现给我们的是鲁滨孙在一段时间内的心态变化历程。
学习这篇课文，关键要理清鲁滨孙的思路。课文中他的思考经历了哪几个阶段？每个阶段的侧重点是什么？这几个阶段的前后联系是什么？等等。而把这些联贯起来，则可以看出鲁滨孙的荒岛创业所折射出来的人类理性思维之光。
综观全文，鲁滨孙在短时间里遇到了生存问题、物质问题和精神问题，我们则正好可以用这三方面来概括课文三部分的内容。而这三个方面似乎有着深长的意味：这几乎可以看成是人类进化史的缩影。
是生存，还是毁灭？这是个问题。
第1～3段写鲁滨孙及时调整悲观绝望的心态，决定在荒岛上顽强地生存下去。
第1段中，“我认为自己的前途很暗淡”“孤零零”“孤独凄凉的情况下度过我的余生”“不幸”“孤立无援”“沮丧无聊”，这些词句充分表达了初上荒岛的鲁滨孙那种伤心绝望、怨天尤人的心情。第2段，“每当我这样想的时候，就有另外一种力量出来阻止我的这种想法，责备我”，表明鲁滨孙伤心绝望的同时，内心又在积极寻求一种精神的支柱。如果说在第1段中鲁滨孙是凭感情用事的话，那么在这里，他开始用理性的头脑来思考问题了。面对无法改变的险恶环境，他知道只有冷静地面对它，而无法绕开它、回避它。我们发现，鲁滨孙能够用辩证的思维方式去思考问题了：一方面自己固然可怜，但另一方面，全船就他一个人保住了性命，其余10个人都已葬身大海，对自己来说这当然是一种幸运。这样，鲁滨孙得出结论说：“当我们遇到坏事的时候，我们应当考虑到其中所包含的好事，同时也应当考虑到更坏的情况。”这说明，此时的鲁滨孙已经很好地调整了自己的心态，“是生存，还是毁灭？”这个问题实际上已经解决了。第3段，鲁滨孙进一步论证自己的优势：有维持生活的充足的东西，既有生活必需品，也有制造或获取生活必需品的工具。这就更值得庆幸。
至此，鲁滨孙思考的第一阶段已经结束。他尽管落难荒岛，生活环境极端困难，然而他以人类特有的理智和辩证的思维，成功地调整了自己，坚定了活下去的勇气。
人们必须首先吃、喝、住、穿，才能进行……
第4～9段叙述鲁滨孙为了生存所依赖的具体物质条件。
第4～5段，鲁滨孙既然决定活下去，则要清楚地跟上时间的脚步，即主动把握年、月、日，而不至于过得浑浑噩噩。这两段详细叙述鲁滨孙计算时间的方式。作者在这里不厌其烦地写鲁滨孙计算时间这件事，我们由此可以引发一些联想。人之所以为人，不仅知道自己是活着的，而且知道是怎样活着的。而能清楚地掌握时间、驾驭时间，正是人知道自己怎样活着的一种标志。鲁滨孙来自文明社会，他必然要千方百计利用他已有的知识，主动掌握时间，按文明人的方式存在于时间之中。丢失了时间，在某种程度上是丢失了自我，生存的意义也应该打一个问号了。总之，鲁滨孙记录时间，是为了清楚地了解自己是怎么活着的，可能活多长时间。记录时间，也表明了鲁滨孙对生存下去充满信心。第6段，详写鲁滨孙在船上获得的许多“价值不大”的东西。其实，这部名著中尚未入选课文的前面部分，已经写到了鲁滨孙从失事的船上搬运物品的情节。但那些都是所谓的“价值大”的东西──“财产”，如食物、弹药、枪械等。这里再提那些小东西，表明鲁滨孙决定“细细地”活下去。因为在这种地方，文明社会创造的任何东西都可能对他极为有用。第7段写鲁滨孙还缺乏的东西；第8段写鲁滨孙艰难地打造木栅栏围墙，证明“住”是人生存的基本条件之一；第9段写他每天觅食。
以上给我们展现了鲁滨孙日常生活的一角。证明鲁滨孙活得实实在在，从一个侧面体现了人类艰难创造生活的历程。作者对于鲁滨孙的实干精神是持一种赞颂的态度的。
人没有精神寄托，灵魂就无所依附，到处漂荡。
第10～12段，作者抛开物质条件，详谈鲁滨孙的“精神”世界。主人公进一步调整自己生存的心态。
第10段，写鲁滨孙记日记，深入思考当前的处境。但他声明记日记并不是为了留给后来的人看（他似乎不相信以后会有人到这荒岛上来了），而是为了精神有所寄托，减轻心中的苦闷。而日记中的“坏处”和“好处”，最集中地证明，鲁滨孙身上所闪现的理性之光，证明人类的辩证思维的胜利。假如在课文开头鲁滨孙是匆忙中给自己随便找了几条活下去的理由，那么，在荒岛上生活了一段时间后，他到这时是彻底的心平气和，对自己的想法来一番系统的梳理，极其冷静客观地列出了那些“好处”和“坏处”。这无疑为他的生存打下了坚实的思想基础。第11段，得出经验教训，希望世人能够理解。第12段，鲁滨孙安心于荒岛生活。
综观全文，没有生动的故事，主要写的是鲁滨孙的心理变化过程，作者通过心理描写来刻画人物性格，表现小说诗歌文学作品主题。
二、问题研究
1．从课文中看出鲁滨孙是一个怎样的人？
鲁滨孙不是一个随遇而安、消极待命的人，而是一个意志品质极为坚强，生存信念十分执著的人，并且务实肯干，勤于创造。他的一切行为，特别是他的思考过程，全是积极、主动的，都是为了更好地把握生存的机会，创造物质条件，调整生活心态。
要避免学生误以为鲁滨孙是运气好，只身落难荒岛又得到许多生活用品，活得自由自在，无拘无束。应该充分注意到，鲁滨孙并不是在旅游，也不是在模拟生存挑战，他遭遇的是真实的海难，他打定主意一个人在岛上苦度余生。他是在克服了极端的孤独、恐惧、艰苦，经过反复动摇之后，才终于理智地鼓起勇气，孤身创业的。正因为这样，鲁滨孙才让人敬佩，值得学习。
2．鲁滨孙为什么要活下去？他是否值得这样活着？
如果换一个人，在这样的绝境中，很可能就不想活了，因为想到自己一个人在孤岛上，迟早都是死，与其饿死、病死或老死，不如自杀而死──当然这是一种因为精神完全崩溃后导致的自杀行为。鲁滨孙却没有这样做，他说服自己顽强地活着，并打定主意在岛上独自生活一辈子。这需要巨大的勇气。从这里可以看出鲁滨孙是一个非常珍惜生命、热爱生活的人。他活着，也许并非为了什么，而仅仅因为自己是一条生命，既然是生命就应该善待它。况且他活得积极，活得主动，活得像个人，活出了人的尊严。像他这样的人值得活着。
3．如何理解鲁滨孙的记日记和阅读《圣经》及其他祈祷书的行为？
人们记日记往往是为了记录生活，抚慰心灵。日记总是面对自我而非他人。鲁滨孙记日记的行为，表明他作为一个文明人精神方面的需要，证明自己活得明白，在时间的长河里没有走失。西方人普遍面临的一个精神问题是人与上帝的关系。在这种荒岛上，人更有理由相信上帝的存在（在这部名著里多次提到《圣经》及鲁滨孙对上帝的祈祷）。有了这个前提，鲁滨孙就有了活下去的精神支柱。其实谁都需要有精神支柱，才活得有理由，活得有意义。
4．鲁滨孙的自我安慰与阿q的“精神胜利法”有什么区别？这是不是一种逃避现实的表现？
鲁滨孙在那样的环境中，上天无路，入地无门，他能理智地分析自己目前所处的困境，是一种冷静的表现，是人类理性思维的胜利。他成功地调整了自己的心理，心态平衡地生活下去。这与阿q的那种自欺欺人的精神胜利法有着本质的区别。这不是逃避现实，恰恰正是敢于正视现实的表现。（分析时可以简单给学生讲讲阿q的故事。）
5．小说诗歌文学作品以第一人称的角度来写有什么好处？
第一人称叙述角度，写的都是“我”眼中事，心中事，可充分展现“我”的内心世界，这就更具真实感。阅读时，好像不仅作者就是“我”，连读者也变成了小说中的“我”。所以第一人称的好处是小说情境显得更为真切，作者与读者的距离缩小了。作者写鲁滨孙的遭遇用第一人称来写，通篇都是写“我”遇难荒岛后的所见所闻所想所做，而读者有时简直觉得变成了鲁滨孙本人，在荒岛上生活；或者是鲁滨孙在孤岛上生活的惟一目击证人。用第一人称叙述，可以十分详尽地描写鲁滨孙的心理活动。这就大大加强了小说的真实效果，读来兴味盎然。
练习说明
一、阅读课文，完成下列各题。
1．简要概括文中蕴含的思想感情。
2．身陷绝境的鲁滨孙找到了哪些活下去的理由？
3．如何看待鲁滨孙的这种逆境中的自我安慰？
设题意图：把握课文所表达的思想内容，对课文中鲁滨孙这个人物形象有一点自己的评价。
参考答案：
1．既可以用课文中的原话回答，也可以用自己的话概括。课文中的原话：“在最不幸的处境之中，我们也可以把好处和坏处对照起来看，从而找到聊以自慰的事情。”用自己的话概括为：一个人在逆境中不要悲观绝望，而要努力看到积极的因素，从而改变自己被动的局面。
2．鲁滨孙虽然身陷绝境，但他还是找到了活下去的理由，那就是，在海难中，同船的11个人中，死了10个，就他一人活着，这是上帝对他的特别关照；从船上获得了维持生活的大量必需品，这是上帝对自己的格外恩赐；而他的日记本上所列出的六大“好处”，最集中地体现了鲁滨孙要顽强地活下去的理由。
3．不能把鲁滨孙的这种逆境中的自我安慰看成是一种逃避现实的表现。在那样的绝境中，任何人都必须首先解决心理问题，调整自己的心态，才能有下一步的行动。鲁滨孙短时间内成功完成了心理调整，为他在荒岛上顺利地生存下去打好了心理基础。他的这种自我安慰是值得肯定的。
二、回忆在你学习或生活中曾经遇到或正在面临的一两件不幸或挫折，试仿照课文中“借方”和“贷方”的格式，把好处和坏处排列出来。
设题意图：从课文出发，联系学生的生活体验，引导学生正确、辩证地面对生活中的不幸或挫折，从而培养一种积极、健康、乐观的人生态度。
三、假如你像鲁滨孙一样被弃荒岛，你会怎样想？你将怎样做？发挥想像，写一篇短文。
设题意图：引导学生进一步理解课文中所表达的思想内容，设身处地理解课文中的人物鲁滨孙，培养想像力，练习书面表达。
估计不少学生并不能真正理解鲁滨孙身处绝境的心理，相反，甚至认为这很好玩，有意思。这种情绪可能会在他们所写的短文中流露出来。荒岛生存是一个很严肃的问题，不是开玩笑。这个问题需要教师正确引导。新一轮基础教育改革理念中“学会生存”，其含义是丰富的，这一题的题意也不妨包括进去。
教学建议
一、教学这篇课文之前，最好布置学生先进行整本书的阅读（可参看本册书后的“名著导读”），使学生对这部世界名著中的思想内容和人物性格有个大体的了解。
二、情感态度价值观的教育可着重两点：坚强的意志品质和勤勉实干爱劳动的良好作风。
三、课文主要用心理描写的方法来塑造人物形象，表现人物性格。这是小说家常用的描写手法。教学时可适当向学生点明这一点，但不必说得过多过细。因为这个阶段我们不突出文体教学。只是为以后的文体学习打基础。
四、可引导学生了解一下课文中涉及的科学知识和生存常识。如荒岛生存需要哪些基本常识，课文中提及的那些东西究竟有什么用处，怎么使用；可以适当引导学生探究一下鲁滨孙观察太阳、计算日期的方法。
五、若有条件，组织学生观摩这部名著的电影、光碟或其他录像资料，以加深对课文的理解。
有关资料
一、作者介绍
笛福（1660—1731），英国小说家。出生于伦敦。父亲经营屠宰业。笛福原姓福，17后自称笛福。他受过中等教育，但没有受过大学古典文学教育。他早年经营内衣、烟酒、羊毛织品、制砖业，曾到欧洲大陆各国经商。1692年经商破产，负债达17 000镑，以后又屡屡失败，因而不得不用各种方法谋生。他曾充当政府的秘密情报员，设计过各种开发事业，同时从事写作。
笛福在59岁时开始写作小说。17第一部小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》发表，大受欢迎。同年又出版了续篇。17又写了《鲁滨孙的沉思集》。此后，他写了四部小说：《辛格尔顿船长》（1720）、《摩尔·弗兰德斯》（1722）、《杰克上校》（1722）和《罗克萨娜》（1724）。此外他还写了若干部传记，几部国内外游记，还有几部关于经商的书。据说笛福曾与26家杂志有联系，有人称他为“现代新闻报道之父”。他的小说诗歌文学作品，包括大量政论册子，共达250种，无一不是投合资产阶级发展的需要，写城市中产阶级感兴趣和关心的问题。
笛福的“鲁滨孙小说”，以第一部流传最广，被认为是他的代表作。17苏格兰水手赛尔科克在海上叛变，被抛到智利海外荒岛，度过五年，最后得救。笛福受到这一事件的启发，写成此书。鲁滨孙不听父亲劝阻，出海经商贩卖黑奴，在海上遇难，流落荒岛28年，在岛上与自然斗争，收留了野人星期五，救了一艘叛变船只的船长，回到英国，又去巴西经营种植园致富。第二部写他旧地重游，以岛的主人自居，开化岛上居民，又视察巴西种植园，接着到世界各地冒险，包括中国和西伯利亚。第三部严格说来都是道德说教。
……
笛福的小说继承了文艺复兴时期西班牙流浪汉小说的传统，往往写一个出身低微的人，靠机智和个人奋斗致富，获得成功。社会不容许这种人出头，他或她只好不择手段，干一系列欺骗、盗窃以至出卖肉体的勾当。作者出于清教徒道德观，总是使他笔下的主人公表示悔恨，立誓不干坏事，但环境又一再迫使主人公违背誓言。
笛福对他所描写的人物理解较深，他善于写个人在不利的环境中克服困难。他的主人公有聪明才智，充满活力，不信天命，相信“常识”。情节结构不落斧凿痕迹。他尤其擅长描写环境，细节逼真，虚构的情景写得使人如身临其境，不由得不信服。他的语言自然，不引经据典，故事都是由主人公自述，使读者感到亲切。
（摘自《中国大百科全书·外国文学》，中国大百科全书出版社1982年版）
二、笛福的思想（杨耀民）
笛福生活在资本主义发展的时期，他属于资产阶级，他是中下层资产阶级的代言人。
他一生最关心的是发展资本主义，他极力称赞的是资产阶级，他认为一个国家发展最核心的问题是发展贸易。“给我们贸易就是给我们一切”“贸易是世界繁荣的生命”，这就是他最根本的主张。因为他以为贸易使制造业和航海业发展，使人民有工作，有衣穿，有饭吃，物资也因此能保持高价，并且可以维持高的地租，所以上层社会也得到好处。只要有勤劳的人来发展贸易，任何地方都会繁荣起来。他的一切经济论著与部分政治论著都发挥这个主张，提出了许多具体建议。笛福关于发展经济的主张是有利于英国社会发展的，但是，他热烈地支持殖民制度，提出夺取、经营殖民地的办法，提出与落后民族扩大贸易的办法，并且拥护黑奴买卖。这一切都表现了他的阶级局限性。
笛福对于那些因门第而骄傲的贵族、绅士抱有很大的反感，他尽力颂扬并非上层阶级出身的资产阶级，抨击了那些看不起“平民”的“绅士”。他说人的始祖就是做工的。他强调商人是有用的人，而绅士变商人，商人变绅士则又是合理的事，等等。对自己阶级的称赞，他在《罗克萨娜》里有一段话说得最明显：
罗伯特男爵和我对商人的看法是完全一致的。罗伯特男爵说──我觉得他说的完全正确── 一个地道的商人是全国最好的绅士，无论在知识上、在仪态上还是在判断能力上，商人都比许多贵族强。他们一旦控制了世界，虽然没有地产，也比有地产的绅士富有。
笛福对待劳动人民的态度有两面性。他认为犯罪的根源是贫穷，富有的人是不会犯罪的。摩尔·弗兰德斯和罗克萨娜之所以走上不光荣的道路，就是因为贫穷，所以他对这两个人物也是抱有同情心的。他主张发展工商业使人民有工作。但是另外一方面，他却把当时工人工作时间长、工资低、未成年的孩子就要工作等残酷剥削现象视为固然。这是雇主的观点。
笛福接受了洛克的政治思想，反对专制，主张民权。当时英国的议会是上层社会的政客明争暗斗的场所，贿赂和种种肮脏手段公行。工人、农民和中小资产阶级根本没有代表。笛福主张人的基本权利是任何人，包括国王、内阁与国会，都是不能够侵犯的，“英国人既不是国王的，也不会是国会的奴隶”。笛福是主张宗教信仰自由的，当时英国虽然没有像法国、西班牙那样在宗教信仰问题上极端专制，但是对国教以外的新教教派和天主教信徒也是有种种限制的。他是非国教的新教教徒，这种人多是中小资产阶级，他们要求合乎“革命原则”的政治体制，要求信仰自由。笛福是这派的代言人。他主张人民应受到较开明的教育，主张给妇女受教育的机会。
总的看起来，笛福的思想在当时是有进步意义的，但是他的思想的局限性也是很大。资产阶级在当时还是进步的阶级，还在进行反对封建势力的斗争。保守的贵族、地主不事生产，坐享巨额地租收入，资产阶级组织着规模日大的工商业推动了社会发展。中小资产阶级一方面与大资产阶级有相同之处，另一方面又与统治阶级大资产阶级和贵族有矛盾，要求更开明的政治。所以笛福种种发展资本主义的意见，反对封建势力，反对政治不民主，反对垄断等主张，都是有进步意义的。但是他受到时代和阶级偏见的限制而拥护殖民制度和种族歧视，这却是与大资产阶级一致，是反动的。对劳动人民，他所关心的只是使他们有工作，能生产财富，这又与资本主义的要求相吻合。笛福思想上这种两重性，鲜明地表现在他的文学小说诗歌文学作品中。
（选自《〈鲁滨孙漂流记〉序》，人民文学出版社1978年版）
三、鲁滨孙的形象（杨耀民）
鲁滨孙是个新人，是中小资产阶级心目中的英雄。他不是有教养的贵族中间的人物，而是一个平民。……鲁滨孙就是独自一个人生活在荒岛上，也尽可能地保持了资产阶级的体面，也使他能用这种当代文明的产物征服可能危及他本人和他的“领土”的土人。除了衣服和一些小用品外，他几乎享有一切当代文明的产物。这样他始终维持了“文明人”的生活而没有变成野人。他在岛上一方面等待离开荒岛的机会，一方面积极开发这个小岛。荒岛上一旦出现了第二个人，他就俨然以岛的“总督”自居了。鲁滨孙离开人群达28年之久，但是无论物质方面还是精神状态方面，他都是社会的一个成员，是资产阶级的一分子。这与“返回自然”或“知足常乐”是没有丝毫共同之处的。鲁滨孙受尽千辛万苦之后，终于得到了大量的产业和财富，这就是这个阶层英雄人物向往的归宿。
鲁滨孙是喜爱劳动的人。这样阶层的人物没有什么遗产可以得，只有靠自己努力才能维持中等地位，才能爬到上层去。鲁滨孙父亲的观点也许只能代表旧时代，代表保守力量，而不能代表中小资产阶级。……对鲁滨孙来说，“一个人只是呆呆地坐着，空想自己所得不到的东西，是没有用的”，这就是“绝对真理”。他凭一个人的力气，又没有小船，把破船上的东西往岛上搬，是有困难的。但是他的哲学是行动的哲学，是不怕困难的哲学。他终于想出了办法搬东西，把两手搬得动的东西通通搬了下来，而且“倘使天气继续这样良好，我一定可以把全船一块一块地搬到岸上来”。他没有坐失时机，所以当破船终于为风暴摧散时，他可以觉得坦然，因为他没有偷懒。他说：“我平生没有使用过任何工具，然而久而久之，运用我的劳动、勤勉和发明才能，我渐渐发现我什么东西都可以做得出来，只要我有工具。话虽如此，即使没有工具，我也做了许许多多的东西……”这样，鲁滨孙用自己的双手，凭着开辟新天地的热情，创造了自己的物质和精神的“王国”。
鲁滨孙是坚毅的人。他说：“我的脾气是只要决心做一样事情，不成功决不放手的。”他没有助手，工具不全，缺乏经验，所以做任何事情都要花费很大的力气，费好长的时间，比如做一块木板就要42天。他做的许多事情都是白费了劳力，没有成功，但他从来不灰心失望。他总结了失败的经验又重新开始。……他对任何事情都不灰心，因此也就不厌烦劳动。他就是这样与自然进行斗争，改变了自己的处境。我们可以说他的作为说明了劳动在他的小范围内能做出什么样的事业来。
鲁滨孙又是一个殖民主义者。他到荒岛上来以前就是个殖民者，而且是因为要到非洲买黑奴才离开巴西的。荒岛上还没有别人出现的时候，鲁滨孙踌躇满志地说：“这一切都是我的。”而且如果可能，他还要把它传诸子孙。他后来把“星期五”变成了他的奴隶。
鲁滨孙在荒岛上做了许许多多的具体的事，荒岛的自然面貌就有了改变，他的生活也有了改变。他做每一件事都要遇到很多困难，有些甚至看来是不可克服的，但他经得起失败的考验，他有坚强的毅力，最后他成功了。他要吃饭、要穿衣就必须劳动，他的一切建树都是凭自己劳动完成的。
小说诗歌文学作品以生动的、吸引人的故事说明，人只要有志气、有毅力、爱劳动，就可以做出不平凡的事业来。
（选自《〈鲁滨孙漂流记〉序》，人民文学出版社1978年版）
四、小说诗歌文学作品评价（杨耀民）
笛福的见解是通过生动的形象来表达的。鲁滨孙的坚毅性格，我们不是从笛福的直接说明看到的，而是通过具体的行动，如他怎样费42天工夫做一块木板，怎样费了许多时间和劳力做了一只独木舟，不能使用，又顽强地开始造第二只等等。笛福就是通过许许多多真实的细节把人物性格突现出来。他用的细节是非常具体的，怎样做一件东西，拿了或用了多少物件，甚至吃了什么东西，吃了多少等等，都一一写下。他所列举的细节，以至于整个事件，都是让人觉得是可能发生的，是真实的。
笛福认为语言的美主要在于用易解、明显和习用的文字，使每个听众或读者都能正确地理解原意。《鲁滨孙漂流记》用的正是这种语言。我们读这部小说诗歌文学作品时似乎在听人讲故事，自然而流畅，看不到雕琢的痕迹。
（选自《〈鲁滨孙漂流记〉序》，人民文学出版社1978年版）
篇6： 笛福简介
丹尼尔·笛福，英国作家。英国启蒙时期现实主义丰富的小说的奠基人，被誉为英国和欧洲的“小说之父”。其作品可读性强，他所写的《鲁滨孙漂流记》在当时有很大影响，至今是雅俗共赏的名著。主要构架为：主人公个人透过发奋，靠智慧和勇敢战胜困难，表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。
精选阅读二：
篇7： 笛福简介
丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel?Defoe，1660年－1731年4月24日），英国小说家、新闻记者、小册子作者。其作品主要为个人透过发奋，靠自我的智慧和勇敢战胜困难。情节曲折，采用自述方式，可读性强。并表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》一向闻名于世，鲁宾逊也成为与困难抗争的典型，所以他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。
精选阅读三：
★福临简介
★夏笛
★福 春联
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