以下文章小编为您整理的逻辑经验主义的证实原则简析，本文共8篇，供大家阅读。
篇1：逻辑经验主义的证实原则简析
逻辑经验主义的证实原则简析
逻辑经验主义曾是现代西方哲学史上影响较大的一个哲学派别,在科学哲学的产生和发展的过程中占有重要地位.“证实原则”是逻辑经验主义的重要理论基础和方法论,它包括“经验的证实”和“逻辑的'证实”两方面的内容.本文详细地分析了这一原则,以阐明其合理性及其缺陷.
作 者：李怀珍 作者单位：四川师范大学政治教育学院,四川,成都,610068 刊 名：宜宾学院学报 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF YIBIN UNIVERSITY 年，卷(期)： 3(4) 分类号：B81-06 关键词：逻辑经验主义 证实原则 经验的证实 逻辑的证实篇2：可证实性原则与逻辑实证主义
可证实性原则与逻辑实证主义
可证实性原则被逻辑实证主义用作判定一个科学真理或一个命题有无意义的基本标准.由于可证实性原则本身的问题而引起逻辑实证主义内部的争议.可证实性原则的`被补充、修改到最后被放弃的过程,反映了逻辑实证主义运动从发展到衰落的过程.
作 者：谢佛荣 罗蓓 XIE FO-rong LUO Pei 作者单位：谢佛荣,XIE FO-rong(西南大学政治与公共管理学院,重庆,400715)罗蓓,LUO Pei(西南大学,重庆,400715)
刊 名：重庆科技学院学报（社会科学版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF CHONGQING UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION) 年，卷(期)： “”(5) 分类号：B812.4 关键词：可证实性原则 逻辑实证主义 逻辑实证主义运动篇3：新时期集体主义道德原则的逻辑发展
新时期集体主义道德原则的逻辑发展
集体主义是社会主义道德的基本原则。新时期以来，随着中国社会的经济、政治和文化的.变化，它也经历了一个不断丰富和完善的过程。 这一历史发展过程，大致经历了三个阶段。……
作 者：邓铭英 作者单位：湖南师范大学伦理学研究所 刊 名：湖湘论坛 英文刊名：HUXIANG FORUM 年，卷(期)： 15(3) 分类号：B0 关键词：篇4：面试表达具有清晰逻辑的五大原则
下面看一个小案例
一、“王子说服了国王，迎娶了邻国的公主，他们过上了幸福美满的生活。几个月前，王子跟女巫进行了旷世的决斗，最终杀死了女巫。在这之前，王子每天辛苦练习剑法，用剑的能力不断提升，因为之前这个女巫不允许王子和公主的恋爱，这让王子想要除掉这个女巫。对了，这个故事发生在一个古老的王国。“
二、从前有一个古老的王国，王子爱上了邻国公主。但是邪恶的女巫不允许王子和公主在一起。那怎么办?王子通过各种方法最终和公主走到了一起。
努力提高自己的剑术，获得了和女巫决斗的能力。
同女巫决斗，并杀死了女巫。
说服了国王并最终迎娶了邻国的公主。
看了第一段表达内容肯定云里雾里，需要不少的时间才能理清逻辑，明白到底讲的是什么故事。而第二个故事则简单易懂，让人一眼就知道作者表达的意思。这就是有在表达时有无清晰逻辑的区别。
那么什么是清晰的逻辑呢?
以下面两组数字为例
123456789987654321
35617895510
这两组数字，第一组的字符数比第二组多，但是我们却可以只用两秒将它背下，而第二组却要花相对较多的时间才能记住。清晰的逻辑就好比第一组数据，对内容进行了合理的排序，让人们可以简单明了的明白我们所表达的内容。
在阐述观点的时候我们要如何才能有清晰的逻辑呢?下面就来说一下让表达具有清晰逻辑的五大原则。
一、引出疑问
在你讲任何故事或演讲时，首先要做的都是引出疑问,让听者产生兴趣，这样你的故事或者演讲才能继续下去。
二、不提供无关信息
先看下面这个例子：
昨晚我因为一件小事和我的女朋友大吵了一架，之后她带着怒气离开了家门好几天不回来。有朋友跟我说这几天她经常和另外一个男生待在一起，还有说有笑的。这让我十分生气，但是我又不相信她会背叛我，于是我决定跟踪她查个究竟，一天晚上终于让我逮着机会，骑着我的摩托车成功跟踪了她。中途我发现我的摩托车竟然漏油了，请问，哪里可以修我的摩托车啊?
上述案例就是在描述一件事情的时候添加了太多的无关信息，混淆了别人的视听。 在生活中，我们的描述里添加一些吐槽不会有太大的影响，但是你在文章中或者一次演讲中，参杂了太多的干扰因素，就会使人不知道你所要表达的重点到底是什么。因此我们在表达一件事情或者陈述一个观点的时候，尽量的直接表明观点，不要用过多的无关信息过度。
三、结论先行
这里再来看一下金字塔原理里的一个经典案例
1.“约翰・科林斯来电话说他3点钟不能参加会议。哈尔・约翰逊说他不介意晚一点开会，把会放在明天开也可以，但10s30以前不行，唐克利福德的秘书说，唐克利福德明天较晚时间才能从法兰克福赶回来。会议室明天已经有人预定了，但星期四还没有人预订。会议时间定在星期四11点似乎比较合适。您看行吗?
2.“我们可以将今天的会议改在星期四11点开吗?因为这样对科林斯和约翰逊都会更方便，唐克利福德也可以参加，并且本周只有这一天会议室还没有被预订“
相信如果你是BOSS，看到这两种陈述，肯定会喜欢第二种，这就是结论先行的效果。我们在寻找事情的答案时，是用演绎推理来一步一步的构思，然后推算出最后的答案。但是我们在陈述一件事情的时候，就要用归纳推理的方式将他呈现出来，让观众明白你要讲的是什么，为什么要讲，这样他们才能在你之后的演讲中更容易的理解。因此在我们陈述观点时，将我们的思维反转，先讲结论，再列原因。
四、归纳分类
再看下面这个案例
小明要去超市，他的妈妈跟他说，“小明你要买点牛肉，再买点菠菜，还要一些西红柿，再买一点鸡肉回来，顺便捎点苹果，再要一些葱还有一些香蕉，猪肉的话最好也带一些回来，对了对了，我们家白菜也没了。”
相信不止是小明，大家看了这一段话后肯定也晕头转向的，太多的东西实在没有办法记住。追究其原由，就是没有进行合理的归纳分类，使得其所提供的需求变成了九个类别，造成他人思绪的混乱。
如果小明的妈妈将需要的商品进行一个简单的分类
再跟小明说“小明你需要买些蔬菜、水果和肉回来，蔬菜类需要买的有菠菜、西红柿、葱;水果类需要苹果、香蕉、西红柿;肉类需要鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉。”这样的描述就清晰的多了也更加容易记住。
这就是归纳分类的作用，将你想要表达的思想，有层次的一层一层的表达出来。任意一层思想都是对下一层次思想的总结概括，同层的思想属于同一个逻辑范畴，这样自己不容易遗漏，同时也能他人带来舒适感。
五、逻辑排列
在你进行了归纳和分类之后，你会发现有很多观点，因此你要对观点进行一个合理的排列，才能让观点更具逻辑性，排列的方法大致有以下三种。
按重要性排列按照
因果或者时间排列
按照结构排列
当你使用的时候，你会发现这三种排列方式几乎可以应对所有的情况。如果你的逻辑排列超出了这三种方式，就说明你的排列出现了问题，需要进行更正。
记住：在遵循上述总结的五大原则基础上，将事情简单明了的表达出来即可。
篇5：理论确证的分析真与整体论-从逻辑经验主义到格莱莫尔
理论确证的分析真与整体论-从逻辑经验主义到格莱莫尔
自逻辑经验主义的确证理论产生以来，尤其是亨普尔的《确证逻辑研究》发表之后，确证逻辑所涉及的分析真与整体论等问题引起了许多逻辑哲学家的关注，以亨普尔为代表的`观点受到了奎因的反驳，而80年代前后格莱莫尔等人又提出了批评与修正。...
作 者：张大松 作者单位：华中师范大学政法学院，湖北武汉 430079 刊 名：自然辩证法研究 PKU CSSCI英文刊名：STUDIES IN DIALECTICS OF NATURE 年，卷(期)： 16(z1) 分类号：B81 关键词：篇6：详解GRE逻辑阅读3大解题思路和出题原则
1、不需要专业的背景知识原则
阅读中的逻辑题都是基于其中的某一个段落，涉及的领域很广泛，像艺术、社会学、历史、教育、政治、体育、广告等。虽然涉及内容包罗万象，但无需任何学科、专业的特定知识，而应着重从逻辑推理的角度来思维。
2、Which of the following 原则
逻辑题的大多数问题有which of the following, 要求你根据段落里所给信息及逻辑推理，从下面五个选项中选出一个选项，从而实现问题目的。
3、If true 原则
If true在许多考题中出现，紧接在which of the following 之后，有时表达是if practicable, if accepted, if feasible, if correct等。这使得选项在即使违反常识或专业知识的情况下，我们也不能质疑其正确性。
以上就是小编为大家详细介绍的GRE逻辑阅读3大解题思路和出题原则，大家如果想要在GRE逻辑阅读部分顺利解题赢取高分，那么对于上文内容，就应该有所了解。
【热门GRE人文知识拓展阅读】揭开简·奥斯汀的神秘面纱
She still fascinates 200 years after the publication of “Pride and Prejudice”
《傲慢与偏见》问世两百年后，她依然神秘撩人
“A LIFE of usefulness, literature, and religion, was not by any means a life of event,” wrote Henry Austen of his spinster sister Jane. This image of the sequestered author persisted for years. But contemporary scholars have reappraised “dear Aunt Jane” as an independent and worldly-wise woman who wielded a sardonic pen. She continues to fascinate, 200 years after the publication of “Pride and Prejudice”. This is the charm of a new biography from Paula Byrne, a British author, who breathes yet more life into Austen and her works by considering the objects that populated her days.
“她的一生虽裨益他人，与文学与宗教为伴，却并无白云苍狗，大起大伏。”简的哥哥亨利曾这样写道。多年以来，简的形象一直是终生未嫁，隐僻幽居。然而，当代学者开始重新审视这名“亲爱的奥斯汀姑姑”，把她看作一个深谙尘世智慧的独立女性，舞动着手中的讥讽之笔。《傲慢与偏见》问世两百年后，她依然神秘撩人——这份魅力同样延续到英国作家宝拉伯恩为奥斯汀所著的传记之中。在宝拉笔下，那个时代的流行物件，是通向奥斯汀生平及著作神秘之门的钥匙，展示出一个更加生气勃勃的简。
Each chapter is organised around a single thing. Some are Austen's possessions, such as a topaz cross she received from her brother. Others are simply from the period, such as a barouche (an upmarket carriage), which helps to illustrate how well-travelled she was and how transport indicates status in her novels. In “Northanger Abbey” Catherine Morland finds a trip in Henry Tilney's curricle erotic, whereas she is nonplussed by John Thorpe's gig. Broadly chronological, this thematic approach offers a revealing picture of Austen and a lively social history.
这本传记的每一章都围绕着一个单独的物件展开。有些是奥斯汀的私人收藏，例如她从哥哥那儿得到的一个托帕石十字架。其余的则是那个时代的流行品，例如四轮马车(一驾上等马车)，足现她游历之广以及在她的作品中，交通工具对于身份的烘托。在《诺桑觉寺》里，凯瑟琳.莫兰觉得享利.蒂尔尼的二轮马车新奇诱人，面对约翰.索普的马车时却不知所措。这种主题式的记传方式，按时序徐徐展开一幅奥斯汀生平及其活跃的社会活动的长卷。
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Austen's formative years are the most interesting. Three vellum notebooks contain her “Juvenilia”—the stories and poems she wrote as a teenager. Her “greatest gifts are here in embryo”, writes Ms Byrne, clearly relishing Austen's satire and lack of restraint. The young author lampooned famous figures and offered parodies of sentimental novels. But she reserved her choicest words of wit for her sister Cassandra. When they were not living together they corresponded frequently, and Austen often tried out different voices—“gossipy, jokey, affectionate”—to make her laugh.
奥斯汀写作的成型期最耐人寻味。有三本羊皮纸笔记记录了她的“少女之作”——她在青少年时期写的故事与诗歌。宝拉很享受此时奥斯汀式的讥讽语调和无拘无束，她写道，她“无与伦比的天赋在此酝酿成型”。此时年轻的奥斯汀嘲讽当时鼎鼎有名的人物，戏仿那些多愁善感的小说。但是她最具智慧锋芒的字字珠玑却是散落在与其姊卡桑德拉的信件中。两人不住在一处时便频繁通信，而奥斯汀常常尝试不同的腔调——漫谈式的，玩笑式的，或是浪漫式的——来逗她发笑。
During this time the movements of family followed the flows of inheritance; a vexatious matter that drives Austen's narratives. Old maids and mothers were often housed by rich cousins; a child might be made heir to childless relatives. An East Indian shawl introduces Aunt Phila—who at 21 sailed to Bengal in order to find a husband—and her daughter, Eliza. A romantic figure, and presumably illegitimate, Eliza first married a man who fell under the guillotine in the French Revolution, and later married Austen's brother Henry. This coquettish cousin is fictionalised as Mary Crawford in “Mansfield Park”. Austen also drew on Henry's militia experience for her depiction of flirtatious redcoats in “Pride and Prejudice”. Her midshipman brothers helped inform references to the navy.
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在这段时期，因为继承的缘故，她不得不经常搬迁—这类烦心事反倒丰富了她的叙述内容。老姑娘和母亲总是寄居在有钱的侄子家中;孩子会成为膝下无子的亲戚的继承人。一条来自东印度的披肩引出了费拉阿姨—她在二十一岁时乘船到孟加拉寻找结婚对象——和她的女儿伊莱莎的故事。伊莱莎是个天性浪漫的私生女，她的先夫死于法国大革命的断头台上;后来她嫁给了奥斯汀的哥哥亨利。这个轻佻娇纵的嫂子后来成了她在《曼斯菲尔德庄园》里玛丽.克劳福德小姐的原型。亨利本人的军旅生涯也为她在《傲慢与偏见》中浮夸的“红制服”军人形象提供了素材。而她作做海军的兄弟们则提供了海军生活的第一手材料。
The book's liveliest passages are about city life and romance. Austen frequently visited London and lived in Bath for years. She was probably not a beauty—only one authenticated portrait exists (although Ms Byrne makes a strong case for another with uncertain provenance). But her wit and intelligence lured many a suitor. None of them stuck, but many are recalled with mirth in her letters. Austen was no prude. Her novels feature illicit liaisons and she gives Mary Crawford a sexually loaded naval joke about “Rears and Vices”. But she had high standards and a mortal fear of childbirth. She was all too aware of the way women either died during labour or “grew old by confinements and nursing”.
这本传记最轻快活泼的篇章描述了城市生活和浪漫故事。奥斯汀频繁造访伦敦并在巴斯寓居多年。她可能算不得一个美人—她的画像中只有一幅真迹存世(尽管宝拉坚信另一幅来历不明的画像也是真迹)，但是她的机锋和智慧却吸引了许多追求者。无人获其芳心，成就美眷;然而在她的信件中，关于他们的回忆大多充满欢乐。奥斯汀并非严肃拘谨之人，她的小说写到过男女私通;玛丽.克劳福德就曾开过一个下流的海军玩笑 “臀部与罪恶”。不过她的确道德自律，且畏惧生产。她十分明白：有些女性会死于生产，或是在不断怀孕和持续哺乳中年华逝去。
Ms Byrne has an obvious affection for her subject. This book may offer few revelations, but it paints a fresh and vivid picture of an inimitable woman.
显而易见，宝拉对其传记对象—简奥斯汀—充满喜爱之情。这本书可能并无多少“惊人内幕”，但它无疑描绘出了这名独一无二的女性—血肉丰满,栩栩如生
【热门GRE人文知识拓展阅读】MAN,你要小心了!
Blue-collar men in rich countries are in trouble. They must learn to adapt
在发达国家的蓝领男性群体正处于困境中，他们必须学会适应。
AT FIRST glance the patriarchy appears to be thriving. More than 90% of presidents and prime ministers are male, as are nearly all big corporate bosses. Men dominate finance, technology, films, sports, music and even stand-up comedy. In much of the world they still enjoysocial and legal privileges simply because they have a Y chromosome. So it might seem odd to worry about the plight of men.
父系社会现在咋一看似乎正兴盛。超过90%的国家总统总理，和几乎所有大型公司的大boss都是男性。男性统治着经济，科技，企业，体育，音乐，甚至连说相声的都基本是男的。在大多数国家里男人仅仅因为拥有一条Y染色体便享有在社会和法律上的特权，这样看来，担心男性的“悲催命运”般的困境似乎是在杞人忧天。
Yet there is plenty of cause for concern. Men cluster at the bottom as well as the top. They are far more likely than women to be jailed, estranged from their children, or to kill themselves. They earn fewer university degrees than women. Boys in the developed world are 50% more likely to flunk basic maths, reading and science entirely.
但有却又大量的原由让人不得不担心。男性群体从渣男到精英男，他们在被关进监狱啊，被他们的孩子疏远嫌弃啊，或者自杀率啊都远远大于女性，却在取得更多的大学学位上败给了女性。在发达国家中，有50%左右的男孩会在基础数学，阅读和科学学科上挂掉。
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One group in particular is suffering. Poorly educated men in rich countries have had difficulty coping with the enormous changes in the labour market and the home over the past half-century. As technology and trade have devalued brawn, less-educated men have struggled to find a role in the workplace. Women, on the other hand, are surging into expanding sectors such as health care and education, helped by their superior skills. As education has become more important, boys have also fallen behind girls in school (except at the very top). Men who lose jobs in manufacturing often never work again. And men without work find it hard to attract a permanent mate. The result, for low-skilled men, is a poisonous combination of no job, no family and no prospects.
在男性群体中又有一类人尤其遭罪。在过去的半个世纪里，发达国家里的受教育程度低的男性已经非常难应对发生了巨变的劳工市场和家庭。现代技术革新和贸易已经使原先的靠劳力形式的肌肉男的价值直线下降，缺少教育的男性，不得不在职场中苦苦挣扎，才能博得一席之地。相反的，女性却依靠着自身出众的技能，在像医疗卫生和教育这样的领域里大放异彩。教育已经变成更重要的事情，而男孩却学校里被女孩甩在了身后(尖端领域学科除外)。从工厂失业的男性常从此不再去工作。而没有工作的男性会发现去吸引永久的伴侣是件非常难的事。由此导致低技术的男性被无工作，无家庭，无前景的“三无”剧毒环环围住。
From nuclear families to fissile ones
从核心家庭到易碎家庭
Those on the political left tend to focus on economics. Shrinking job opportunities for men, they say, are entrenching poverty and destroying families. In America pay for men with only a high-school certificate fell by 21% in real terms between 1979 and ; for women with similar qualifications it rose by 3%. Around a fifth of working-age American men with only a high-school diploma have no job.
支持左翼 的人倾向于专注于经济，他们认为减少男性工作的机会会加剧贫穷，并，并摧毁家庭。在美国，只有高中学历的男性的实际收入，从1979年到减低了 21%，而同等学历的女性，在此期间的实际收入却提高了3%。约有5分之一的只有高中学历的处在工作适龄的男性，处在失业中。
Those on the right worry about the collapse of the family. The vast majority of women would prefer to have a partner who does his bit both financially and domestically. But they would rather do without one than team up with a layabout, which may be all that is on offer: American men without jobs spend only half as much time on housework and caring for others as do women in the same situation, and much more time watching television.
支持右翼的人担心着家庭的崩溃。绝大多数的女性倾向于和愿兼顾家里财政收入职能和家务劳动职能的男性成为两口子。她们宁愿单身也不愿随便和一个游手好闲的卢瑟勉强过一辈子，而这是有依据的：美国失业男性仅仅只付出同等条件下失业女性的一半的时间来做家务事和照顾彼此的生活，这些男人会花更多的时间来看电视。
Hence the unravelling of working-class families. The two-parent family, still the norm among the elite, is vanishing among the poor. In rich countries the proportion of births outside marriage has trebled since 1980, to 33%. In some areas where traditional manufacturing has collapsed, it has reached 70% or more. Children raised in broken homes learn less at school, are more likely to drop out and earn less later on than children from intact ones. They are also not very good at forming stable families of their own.
因此工人阶级的家庭变的更易解体。双亲家庭这种形式还是精英阶层的标配，而这种家庭形式却在穷人中正在消失。在发达国家，非婚生子占新生儿的比重比1980年高出了3倍，已经达到了33%。而在一些传统制造业崩坏的地区，这一比例达到70%甚至更高。生活在破碎家庭里的孩子比起一般家庭的孩子而言，在学校里会学的更少，更可能辍学和收入较低。同时，因为不善于处理家庭问题，他们自己日后的家庭也趋于不稳定(简言之单亲家庭的孩子长大后更易于组成新的单亲家庭)。
These two sides often talk past each other. But their explanations are not contradictory: both economics and social change are to blame, and the two causes reinforce each other. Moreover, these problems are likely to get worse. Technology will disrupt more industries, creating benefits for society but rendering workers who fail to update their skills redundant. The OECD, a think-tank, predicts that the absolute number of single-parent households will continue to rise in nearly all rich countries. Boys who grow up without fathers are more likely to have trouble forming lasting relationships, creating a cycle of male dysfunction.
这两种政治倾向的讨论话题往往会相互交叉重叠。但二者的观点却并不矛盾：经济状况和社会这二者的变革都是造成此类现状的原因，而这二者还互为因果，形成恶性循环。此外，这些问题可能变得更糟。科技将瓦解更多的行业，为社会创造更多的价值，但也将使更多的无法升级自身技能的劳动者失业。 经济合作与发展组织里的一个诸葛天团预测单亲家庭的比例定会继续在所有发达国家中上升。在没有父性角色的家庭长大的男孩，将更可能不能处理好长久关系(如夫妻关系)以至于形成新的单亲家庭，由此形成一个男性功能紊乱的死循环。
Tinker, tailor, soldier, hairdresser
锅匠，裁缝，士兵和美发师
What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes. Over the past generation, middle-class men have learned that they need to help with child care, and have changed their behaviour. Working-class men need to catch up. Women have learned that they can be surgeons and physicists without losing their femininity. Men need to understand that traditional manual jobs are not coming back, and that they can be nurses or hairdressers without losing their masculinity.
那么问题来了，我们能做什么呢?其一在于改变文化态度。在过去的一代，中产阶层的男士知晓了他们需要帮忙照看小孩，并由此改变了他们的行为。工人阶层的男士们需要加紧脚步赶上来了。女士知晓了她们可以成为外科医师和物理学家而不失其女性魅力。男人们需要明白传统的体力工作一去不复返，他们可以成为护士或美发师而不失其男性霸气侧漏之美。
Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the problem worse. America reduces the supply of marriageable men by locking up millions of young males for non-violent offences and then making it hard for them to find work when they get out (in Georgia, for example, felons are barred from feeding pigs, fighting fires or working in funeral homes). A number of rich countries discourage poor people from marrying or cohabiting by cutting their benefits if they do.
政府决策人也需搭把手，因为愚蠢的法令会令问题变得更糟。美国减少了对被关押的以百万数计的非暴力犯罪的处于适婚年龄的年轻男子的支持，并在他们出狱后找工作这种事上还要制绊脚石造(以乔治亚州为例，罪犯被禁止从事养猪，救火或在殡葬馆工作)。在一些发达国家，为了阻止穷人结婚或者同居这一目的，通过如果他们这么干的话就砍掉他们的福利这种手段来达到。
更多双语文章《 点击这里
Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the educational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles. Politicians need to recognise that boys'underachievement is a serious problem, and set about fixing it. Some sensible policies that are good for everybody are particularly good for boys. Early-childhood education provides boys with more structure and a better chance of developing verbal and social skills. Countries with successful vocational systems such as Germany have done a better job than Anglo-Saxon countries of motivating non-academic boys and guiding them into jobs, but policymakers need to reinvent vocational education for an age when trainees are more likely to get jobs in hospitals than factories.
不过比起废弃愚蠢的政策，改革设计于大多数男人都是用肌肉(而非脑)工作的年代的教育系统显得更为重要。政治家门应该意识到男孩们的学习成绩不良师一个很严峻的问题，并应立足于改善之。一些明智的政策是为每个人都好，特别是对男孩。早期儿童教育会提供男孩们更系统并更能更好的发展他们的口语能力和社会技能。有着成功的职业教育系统的国家如德国，在鼓励男孩去学术化，重职业化，并指导他们工作上，已经做的比起盎格鲁-撒克逊国家而言要好的多了。但政策制定者应将恢复职业教育的重心放在使受训者更倾向于日后在医院工作而不是在工厂工作这种时代要求上。
More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly. They should recognise that boys like to rush around more than girls do: it’s better to give them lots of organised sports and energy-eating games than to dose them with Ritalin or tell them off for fidgeting. They need to provide more male role models: employing more male teachers in primary schools will both supply boys with a male to whom they can relate and demonstrate that men can be teachers as well as firefighters.
更广泛而言，学校需要变得更亲男孩化一些。他们应该意识到男孩比起女孩而言就是会更可能到处闯祸：比起给他们吃药或告诫他们不要乱动而言，最好还是提供给他们一些有组织的运动和耗费精力的游戏。他们需要男性榜样角色：在小学阶段，雇佣更多的男性教师，这不但可以给男孩子提供他们可以认同的男性角色，还可以为男人可以像成为消防员一样的成为教师提供实证。
The growing equality of the sexes is one of the biggest achievements of the post-war era: people have greater opportunities than ever before to achieve their ambitions regardless of their gender. But some men have failed to cope with this new world. It is time to give them a hand.
男女越来越平等是战后我们取得的重大成就之一：比起以前，现今人们不论性别都可以拥有更好的机会去实现他们的梦想。但是一些男士未能适应这个新的世界，是时候对他们伸出援手了。
GRE考试阅读真题及答案综合整理
According to Hill and Spicer, the term “nation-state” is a misnomer, since the ideal model of a monolingual, culturally homogeneous state has never existed, not even among Europeans, who invented the nation-state concept and introduced it to the rest of the world. Modern European states, they argue, emerged after the Renaissance through the rise of nations (i.e., specific ethnic groups) to positions of political and economic dominance over a number of other ethnic groups within the bounded political territories. The term “nation-state”, Hill and Spicer argue, obscures the internal cultural and linguistic diversity of states that could more accurately be called “conquest states.” The resurgence of multiple ethnic groups within a single state, Hill says, is not “potentially threating to the sovereign jurisdiction of the state,” as Urban and Sherzer suggest; rather, the assertion of cultural differences threatens to reveal ethnocentric beliefs and practices upon which conquest states were historically founded and thus to open up the possibility for a “nations-state” in which conquered ethnic groups enjoy equal rights with the conquering ethnic group but do not face the threat of persecution or cultural assimilation into the dominant ethnic group.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. discuss issues relating to a form of political organization by raising doubts about the terminology used to refer to it
B. trace changes in a form of political organization by examining the evolution of the terminology used to refer to
C. justify the continued use of an established term for an evolving form of political organization
D. question the accuracy of a new term for a form of political organization
E. compare two terms for a form of political organization
2. The author of the passage quotes Urban and Sherzer most probably in order to
A. introduce a discussion of the legal ramifications of expanding the nation-state concept
B. summarize a claim about one possible effect of asserting cultural differences within a state
C. shift the focus of discussion from internal threats that states face to external threats that they face
D. point out similarities between the threats to states seen by Urban and Sherzer and those seen by Hill
E. describe one way an ethnocentric practice has affected attempts to assert cultural differences within a state
3. According to the passage, Hill and Spicer define nations as which of the following?
A. coalitions of distinct ethnic groups with similar concerns
B. Distinct ethnic groups
C. Culturally homogeneous states
D. Linguistically diverse states
E. Territorially bounded states
答案：
A B B
篇7：详解GRE逻辑阅读3大解题思路和出题原则
1. 概括关键逻辑链
在解答逻辑题时，考生需要先看要求，是加强还是削弱、评估还是假设。然后提炼出关键逻辑链，其中必须包含题目中的重要对象以及对象之间的关系。
2. 抓住逻辑题目的结论
在解题时，考生面对多个选项，应该特别注意找出选项中涉及关键链对象最多的、和题目的逻辑思维最接近的选项，这个选项往往就是正确答案。
3. 学会使用排除法
对于GRE考生来说，如果在解题时无法直接找出正确答案，那么至少可以通过找出并排除其它明显存在问题的答案来缩小选择的范围。具体做法是按照选项内容的相关和无关性进行排除。
篇8：知识、理解与显示性原则--达米特意义理论的逻辑哲学解读
知识、理解与显示性原则--达米特意义理论的逻辑哲学解读
从语言实践出发,在厘清意义概念与知识概念、理解概念之间关系的`基础上,达米特提出了理解的意义理论.理解的意义理论以显示性原则为手段,从言语者的语言能力、言语行为以及言语意向等层面显示归属给言语者的隐含知识.显示性原则是达米特意义理论的灵魂,贯穿于达米特意义理论的各个方面.
作 者：张汉生 胡泽洪 ZHANG Han-sheng HU Ze-hong 作者单位：张汉生,ZHANG Han-sheng(南开大学哲学系,天津,300071)胡泽洪,HU Ze-hong(华南师范大学政治与行政学院,广东,广州,510631)
刊 名：华南师范大学学报（社会科学版） PKU CSSCI英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SOUTH CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITY(SOCIAL SCIENCE EDITION) 年，卷(期)：2005 “”(5) 分类号：B561.6 B81-05 关键词：知识 隐含知识 理解 意义 显示★证实材料
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