托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage28

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这次小编给大家整理了托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage28，本文共11篇，供大家阅读参考。

篇1：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage28

老托福阅读原文 passage28

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.

France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.

老托福阅读题目 passage28

1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style

(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style

(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style

2. The word “one” in line 4 refers to

(A) century

(B) development

(D) coloration

3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass?

(A) The distortion of the glass

(B) The appearance of the glass surface

(D) The size of the glass objects

4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?

(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles

(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists

(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world

5. The word “prized” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) valued

(B) universal

(D) preserved

6. The word “overtaken” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) surpassed

(B) inclined

(D) applied

7. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form” (lines 23-24)?

(A) A useful object should not be attractive.

(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.

(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it

(A) clearly distinguished between art and design

(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs

(D) was easily interpreted by the general public

9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?

(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.

(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.

(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.

10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include

(A) a flowered design

(B) bright colors

(D) a textured surface

老托福阅读答案 passage28

ACBBA ABCBA

托福技巧：怎么解托福阅读大范围考察题型?

新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A. They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B. They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

C. Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D. Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。

经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage28

篇2：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage29

:老托福阅读文本 passage29

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.

After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. “Combines” were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.

老托福阅读题目 passage29

1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production

(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms

(D) The increase in the number of people farming

2. The word “crucial” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) unbelievable

(D) desirable

3. The phrase “avail themselves” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) take care

(B) make use

(D) do more

4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?

(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.

(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.

(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each

(A) could perform more than one function

(B) required relatively little power to operate

(D) required two people to operate

7. The word “they” in line 19 refers to

(A) grain stalks

(B) threshing machines

(D) horses

8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because

(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines

(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines

(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

9. The word “ponderous” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) advanced

(B) heavy

(D) rapid

老托福阅读答案 passage29

ACBDC ABDB

托福技巧：托福阅读做题要以TOEFL真题为基础

托福阅读实战经验分享：词汇掌握了，你会发现阅读变得轻松很多。阅读做题要以托福TOEFL真题为基础。平时不管是读书还是看新闻，都要有意识地练习scan、skip、skim的方法……

阅读是与旧托福相比改变最少的，题目方向大体保持了一致。

阅读在国内普遍分数都还好，但托福TOEFL的考试内容越来越BT，所以也不能小看。

平时爱看书的人，积累的中文阅读能力强的，对英文阅读往往也有一定提升。

就像上面所说的，词汇掌握了，你会发现阅读变得轻松很多。

阅读做题要以托福TOEFL真题为基础。

平时不管是读书还是看新闻，都要有意识地练习scan、skip、skim的方法。

具体做阅读题时，排除法很有效。

复习期间每天抽出点时间读读英文小说是很不错的选择。

阅读的文章只要出现以下内容都应引起注意：举例证明、罗列式例举、转折、否定、因果、下定义、比较级(最高级)、同位语(插入语)、数字年代、特殊标点(引号、破折号)。

阅读当中遇到特别生僻或专业的术语，多少会在后面有所解释。

阅读做题的时间比较紧张，比如我习惯一边看文章一边做笔记，虽然这样条理很清楚，但会让时间显得更紧张。

平时要熟悉下机考的操作。比如我平常练习时大概每篇阅读能在15分钟以内完成，但具体考试时往往都是做到只剩两三秒……

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage29

篇3：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage12

老托福阅读原文 passage12

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.

The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.

On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.

老托福阅读题目 passage12

1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Its defensive behavior

(B) It interactions with other gull species

(D) Its physical difference from other gull species

2. The word “rear” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) visit

(B) watch

(D) raise

3. The word “scale” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) climb

(B) avoid

(D) measure

4. The word “immunity” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) distance

(B) transition

(D) reminder

5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?

(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.

(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.

(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.

6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to

(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators

(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring

(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks

7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(D) Northern gannets

8. The word “it” in line 17 refers to

(A) location

(B) edge

(D) practice

9. The word “conspicuous” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) disordered

(B) suspicious

(D) appealing

10. The phrase “On the other hand” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) therefore

(B) however

(D) by no means

老托福阅读答案 passage12

CDACB AACCB

托福阅读技巧：逻辑题三大策略

托福阅读中的推理题是指重要信息隐藏在文章中，不会直接表露出来，需要考生自己从表面内容中推理出。因此，考生们在做托福阅读推理题的时候不能错过每一个信息点，因为这些可能都是最后答案的重要凭证。

推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。

一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：

根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：

在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：

一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：

表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;

情态动词：may, can , could…;

表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;

表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage12

篇4：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage11

老托福阅读文本 passage11

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

老托福阅读题目 passage11

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase “subject to” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word “puncture” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word “which” in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention “glycoproteins” in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word “dramatic” in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

老托福阅读答案 passage11

正确答案： CAABD CADD

托福阅读技巧：词汇题应对方法

为什么很多考生会对词汇题束手无措?一方面是因为考生的词汇量达不到，OG中词汇题的解释里有一句话，there is no “list of words” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生死了那条心去背所谓的大纲词汇，因为没有大纲，而考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词，范围大的离谱;而另一方面则是因为有的考生没有学会从上下文或者从语法结构去猜测词义。

因为OG中的解释还有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 所以很有可能考生在考试中所碰到的词汇并不是已经让人熟知的第一词义，而是要根据语境上下文推断出的第二词义甚至是第三词义，所以又对考生做题增加了难度。最可悲的是不仅文章中的单词意思不知道，连4个选项中的单词都有不认识不熟悉的，这样的结果就只能是乱猜一气，听天由命全凭运气，当然考试结果也不会好。所以在此将给考生一点准备新托福阅读考试词汇题的建议和解题方法，希望能给考生攻克词汇题给予一些帮助。

Tip: 单词记忆

单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情，经常会有学生来问药怎么背，背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：

1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过，为了保证效率，首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上，单词量越多越好。实际上，如果一味贪多，结果容易打疲劳战，而且效率低。所以，只记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。

2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过4遍，第二天再过一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右，但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。

把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候，这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候，应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相关材料可以上一些网站看，例如economist, national geographic等等。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage11

篇5：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage20

老托福阅读原文 passage20

In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.

Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a “lug pole” from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of “oven wood,” consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron “bake kettle,” which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.

老托福阅读题目 passage20

1. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) methods of baking bread

(B) fireplace cooking

(D) the types of wood used in preparing meals

2. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate

(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces

(B) that they served diverse functions

(D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces

3. The word “scorched” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned

(B) cut

(D) bent

4. The word “it” in line 6 refers to

(A) the stonework

(B) the fireplace opening

(D) the rising column of heat

5. According to the passage , how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century?

(A) By placing the pot directly into the fire

(B) By putting the pot in the oven

(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire

6. The word “obtain” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) maintain

(B) reinforce

(D) acquire

7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug pole?

(A) It was made of wood not readily available.

(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.

(D) It became too hot to touch.

8. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, “oven wood” produced

(A) less smoke

(B) more heat

(D) lower flames

9. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT:

(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day.

(B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.

(D) It was heated with maple sticks.

10. According to the passage , which of the following was an advantage of a “bake kettle”?

(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.

(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.

(D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.

老托福阅读答案 passage20

BCACD DCBAA

新托福阅读真题训练技巧

福阅读要高分策略相比口语写作而言相对简单，但是也是一大挑战。下面，天道小编就来和大家谈谈要拿到托福阅读高分策略28+都有哪些需要了解的呢?

托福阅读高分策略

想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题

托福阅读时间：

15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)

13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外，其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。

在题目上一般是(细节词汇，细节作用，细节词汇，细节词汇改写，细节词汇，黑点大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。

简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。

托福阅读障碍：

速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。

选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。

新托福阅读真题训练技巧：

1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。

2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)

3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色。

这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿

4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。

新托福阅读真题做题策略：

词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ _ + 1’_1)耗时3分钟

词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。

In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes

Mountains

of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilled task这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选A

The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to

○Difficult○Necessary○Skilled○Shared

词汇题一直是难点超爱错，猜出来的，如果有时间检查一定要再看一下，从ETS出题的角度考虑。

要拿托福阅读高分就需要付出艰辛的努力，坚持到底就是胜利，虽不能确保一定成功，但是收获是必须的，祝大家都能学会托福阅读高分策略的做法，争取到高分。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage20

篇6：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage21

老托福阅读原文 passage 21

The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as “sculptors” in today's use of the word.

On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.

The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.

老托福阅读题目 passage 21

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.

(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.

(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.

2. The word “motifs” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tools

(B) prints

(D) designs

3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?

(A) European sculptors

(B) Carpenters

(D) Cabinetmakers

4. The word “others” in line 6 refers to

(A) craftspeople

(B) decorations

(D) shop signs

5. The word “distinct” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) separate

(B) assembled

(D) inferior

6. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) festive

(B) infrequent

(D) unexpected

7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?

(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.

(B) He was well known for his wood carvings

(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.

8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?

(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import

(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.

(D) The materials found abroad were superior.

9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?

(A) It was less time-consuming

(B) It was more dangerous.

(D) It was less refined.

篇7：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1

老托福阅读原文 PASSAGE 1

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

老托福阅读题目 PASSAGE 1

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

2. According to the passage , when did the word “icebox” become part of the language of the United States?

(A) in 1803

(B) sometime before 1850

(D) near the end of the nineteenth century

3. The phrase “forward-looking” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

5. The word “it” in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

7. The word “rudimentary” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been “on the right track” (lines 18-19) to indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore's design was fairly successful

10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

11. The “produce” mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

(D) markets

老托福阅读答案 PASSAGE 1

BBACC DBCDA B

TOEFL阅读细节题解题口诀

一、问法多采取下列模式

1. According to the passage……，……?”

2. It is stated in paragraph X

3. It is indicated in paragraph X

4. It is mentioned in paragraph X

二、文章如何处理--请记住下列口诀

通读原文不可取,

带着问题看原文

四种句子仔细读

比较句,强调句

段首段尾转折句

重准确,轻速度

平时做题不猜题

下次连载我将把这种阅读方法进行系统讲解,本次重点讲细节题

三、不用通读全文，只要看到细节部分，不要看全文推理常可回原文定位找到----找相近，找相似

回原文定位关健词定位法：

a、题目本身带有大写或斜体

b、题目本身带有年代或与年代有关

c、回原文定位要使用纯名词

d、出题顺序多半和行文顺序相同

e. 选项本身提示的共同信息,四个选项拥有相同的部分,就本题在问的部分

四、举例说明

例如：Crescent-shaped lake Baikal,in Siberia,is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles(620km)in length and 46miles (74km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world.(新月般的贝加尔湖位于西伯利亚,是第九大的湖,长385英里,宽46英里,然而它是世界上最大的淡水湖).It holds one –fifth of the world’s total freshwater, which is more than the total of all the water in five Great lakes;(它拥有世界上五分之一的淡水,比五大湖全部的水还多很多); it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world’s deepest lake.(尽管面积不大但淡水很多因为它是世界上迄今为止最深的湖)The average depth of the lake is 1312 feet (400meters)below sea leave and The Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point ,is more than 5250 feet (1600 meters)deep. (贝加尔湖平均深度是低于海平面1312英尺(400 meters),并且最低点 Olkhon大裂谷 5250英尺(1600米)深.

Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of Asian Peninsula, is most likely the world’s oldest lake. (贝加尔湖位于亚洲次大陆中心,可能是世界上最古老的湖).It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. (它形成于25亿年前,亚洲板块从一系列断层分离出来(即原始大陆板块中各各板块分离时期)The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world’s lakes.( 贝加尔湖谷下陷裂开,最终填满了水创造了世界上最深的湖)

1. what is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of lake Baikal?

A It is wider than it is long

B It is circular in shape

C Iits width is one-half of its length

D It is shaped like a new moon

从题目本身的问法看是一道细节题

细节题的解题步骤

1) 寻找关键词,关键词定位法,本题的关键词是shape

2) 文章出题顺序和行文顺序是一致的

本题是第一题按着顺序找第一次出现的地方.

所以本题正确答案应该是D

2 It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal

A is less than the area of eight other lakes

B is one –ninth the area of Siberia

C is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake

D is equal to the area of the five Great lakes

本题的关键词是 area 面积

回原文定位: only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles(620km)in length and 46miles (74km) in width(第九大的湖,长385英里,宽46英里)所以本题答案为A

3 According to paragraph 1, lake Baikal __

A. holds one –fifth of the world’s water

B. holds five times the water of the Great lakes

C. holds one-ninth of the world’s water

D. holds 20 percent of the world’s fresh water

本题很特别,你会发现题目本身没有任何可以做为关键词的因为全文都在讲这个湖,但没关系看四个选项他们的共同传达信息就是本题要问的信息.你会发现四个选项拥有相同的holds water.所以本题问的是贝加尔湖谷拥有水量,所以本题定位为It holds one –fifth of the world’s total freshwater, which is more than the total of all the water in five Great lakes;( 它拥有世界上五分之一的淡水,比五大湖全部的水还多很多)所以正确答案是D。丽丽英语每期都会做连载，敬请关注。

4 According to paragraph 1, the olkhon crevice is ____

A outside of Lake Baikal

B 400 meters below sea level

C the deepest part of Lake Baikal

D 5000 meters deep

本题定位关键词为olkhon crevice所以定位于原文:The Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point ,is more than 5250 feet (1600 meters)deep 最低点 Olkhon大裂谷 5250英尺(1600米)深. 正确答案为 C.

5 It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal__

A is not as old as some other lakes

B formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other.

C was fully formed 25 million years ago

D is today located on the edge of the Asia peninsula

本题是本文的最后一个题目而且写明了是paragraph 2,所以正确答案为B定位于原文.It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1

篇8：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage30

老托福阅读文本 passage30

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.

A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

老托福阅读题目 passage30

1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Their physical characteristics

(B) Their names

(D) Their variety

2. The word “consequence” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) result

(B) explanation

(D) requirement

3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they

(A) are simple in structure

(B) are viewed positively by people

(D) are found mainly in temperate climates

4. The word “striking” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) physical

(B) confusing

(D) successful

5. The word “exceed” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) locate

(B) allow

(D) come close to

6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT

(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones

(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region

(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants

7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where

(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate

(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established

(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species

8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?

(A) European butterfly habitats

(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions

(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups

9. The word “generated” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) requested

(B) caused

(D) estimated

老托福阅读答案 passage30

DABCC CBCB

4个Tip攻克托福阅读词汇题

托福中的词汇题是不是让同学们的都很手足无措，可能新手考生还不太明白什么是阅读中的词汇题，即选择4个选项中和原文某一词汇意义表达相同的选项，题目基本都为The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ......为什么很多考生会对词汇题束手无措?一方面是因为考生的词汇量达不到，OG中词汇题的解释里有一句话，there is no “list of words” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生死了那条心去背所谓的大纲词汇，因为没有大纲，而考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词，范围大的离谱;而另一方面则是因为有的考生没有学会从上下文或者从语法结构去猜测词义。因为OG中的解释还有一句a word might have more than one meaning， but in the reading passage，only one of those meaning is relevant。所以很有可能考生在考试中所碰到的词汇并不是已经让人熟知的第一词义，而是要根据语境上下文推断出的第二词义甚至是第三词义，所以又对考生做题增加了难度。最可悲的是不仅文章中的单词意思不知道，连4个选项中的单词都有不认识不熟悉的，这样的结果就只能是乱猜一气，听天由命全凭运气，当然考试结果也不会好。所以在此朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将给考生一点准备新托福阅读考试词汇题的建议和解题方法，希望能给考生攻克词汇题给予一些帮助。

Tip 1: 单词记忆

单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情，经常会有学生来问药怎么背，背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过，为了保证效率，首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上，单词量越多越好。实际上，如果一味贪多，结果容易打疲劳战，而且效率低。所以，只记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过4遍，第二天再过一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右，但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。3、把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候，这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候，应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相关材料可以上一些网站看，例如economist，national geographic等等。

Tip 2: 词根词缀

有了一定的单词基础，那么通过词根词缀去猜单词也不成问题了。而且除了单词有同义词，词根词缀也有同义关系。例如都是表达否定的同义前缀就有in-，un， non-，dis-等等，表示否定的后缀有-less，所以当看到题目中的单词有这类的否定含义，那么就可以去找选择项中也有否定前缀和后缀的词，也许就是正确选项，因为都是具有否定关系的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一组同义词。所以对于一些常见词缀词根是需要考生记忆的。具体有哪些可以参见一些英语字典的附录。

Tip 3: 逻辑关系

逻辑关系主要是看上下文及背景内容。比较常见的逻辑关系是并列，转折，因果，递进等，所以考生要特别注意记忆逻辑关系连接词。例如这句话The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation，depriving some areas of rain while drenching others。这句话中出现一个逻辑关系连接词while，这个词是表示一种转折，意思是然而，所以drenching和之前的动作depriving构成了反义关系，depriving意思是剥夺，所以drenching可以猜测其意可能与剥夺相反，前文为剥夺了一些地方的雨，那么相反就是给予另一些地方更多的雨，所以可以看到选择项中C。 Thoroughly wetting就是表达了多雨这个意思。而drenching本意就是湿透的意思。

Tip 4:代入验证

由于新托福的题目都是单选题，所以范围已经缩小到四选一，尤其是对词汇题来说，有一种方法就是将选项中的词放入到原文中去阅读，看意思与上下文是否合拍通顺，如文章中选择的单词前后有介词，就更能显出代入验证的好处。例如有这样一句话:When hoisted up in the sky， the microscopic particles act as...选择项则为A. Lifted B.Grouped C.returned D.pointed，四个选项代入后，发现只有A选项能和后面的介词UP连接通顺，所以答案就是A选项，表示升起的意思。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage30

篇9：托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage21

BDCAA BABD

托福技巧：巧用出题规则实现托福阅读高分

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： First, Second, Third,等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ?

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。

相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

需要注意的是一旦完成了一个部分的考试便无法返回该部分内容，即进入第二部分以后便无法返回第一部分，加试同理。所以大家在做题的时候要认真仔细。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案 passage 21

篇10：老托福阅读真题及答案:passage11

老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase “subject to” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word “puncture” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word “which” in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention “glycoproteins” in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word “dramatic” in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

正确答案:CAABD CADD

托福阅读易错词汇的整理

1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地

2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响

3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

4) angel 天使 angle 角度

5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记

6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛

7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则

8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的

9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文

10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打

11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下

12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水

13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近

14) costume 服装 custom习惯

15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的

16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的

17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)

18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变

19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓

22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式

23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续

24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物

25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房

26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴

27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳

28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉

29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏

30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物

31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从

32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照

33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事

34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛

35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹

36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水

托福阅读学术词汇的解析

什么是学术词汇在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇，会大大拖慢阅读速度，影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中，所有的单词可以被归为两类：一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景，比如：animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物，像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟);某一个生物结构，像是nerve cord(神经索)，或者某一个历史时期，像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词，托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。

具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面：第一，我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇;第二，学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测;第三，我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道，例如：托福阅读中出现过一种叫Kittiwake的鸟，汉语叫三趾鸥，这个中文名词，我们可能也没有听过。如此，陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度，也影响我们的心理状态。

为什么会有学术词汇

那么既然托福是一门语言考试，那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇?而这所有的学术词汇，为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢?

首先应该相信，作为世界范围内英语最为权威的考试之一，考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。

托福的确是语言考试，但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语，但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生)，对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里，一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢?显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求，托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂，理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成，含有大量的学术词汇。这样，托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。

一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多，可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本;但是，如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。

“量”的问题--考前储备学术词汇考前储备学术词汇，首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，自然科学，人文科学，社会科学，艺术等等无所不包，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的，也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时，我们只需在练习时，把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写，会听，会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物)，动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。

“质”的问题--考场理解学术词汇

当我们在考场上时，对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次，也就是“质”是不同的。主要可以归为两类。

第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们“是哪类事物”就可以。

例如：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。

句中“common murres”, “Atlantic puffins”, “black-legged kittiwakes”, 和 “northern gannets” 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们，我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以，然后利用首字母缩写，分别可以用“C” “A” “BK” 和“N”来替代标记，之后在做到相关题时，比如：

According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(D) Northern gannets

其中 B、C、D选项直接对应“A”、 “BK” 和“N”即可。

第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们“是哪类事物”，还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有：定义从句，同位语从句，插入语，破折号，括号等。

例如：

1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice。

这篇文章主题是冰川，句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语，后面的破折号之间的部分，即是对cementation的解释定义。

2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands)。

这一句中，Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇，括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中，

All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters。

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers。

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace。

选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。

正确的态度面对学术词汇

学术词汇固然有一些难度，但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发，它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中，在阅读课本的过程中，肯定有很多术语是陌生的，没见过的，而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习，才掌握了那些学术词汇，才学到了知识。

同样，做托福阅读时，不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出解释定义的，而这些也是学习的重点，要着重理解。与课本不同的是，真正的课本上，概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示，而在托福阅读中，我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇，理解的“质”也不需要那么高。只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质，平时适当积累，掌握正确的应对方法，再加上正确的面对心态，相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。

托福阅读分类词汇背诵

阅读词组精选

on the right track--well on one's way

whales on the beach n.不呆在该呆的位置上

be engrossed in/be absorbed in/in absession with/concentrate on 表全神贯注

urban crowding n.城市人口集中化

social stress n.社会压力

pilot reclamation project n.试验性改造工程

be indulged in 沉迷于

分组词汇精选

canal n.运河

core n.地核

crater n火山口

crust n.地壳

cycle n.天体的循环

dam n.水坝

debris n.碎片,岩屑

deformation n.变形

diversity n.多样性

edge n.边缘,边界

erosion n.腐蚀,侵蚀

eruption n.爆发,火山灰

former n.形成者,模型

frontier n.边界,新开发的地带

funnel n.漏斗

glacier n.冰川

interval n.时间间隔

lodge n.小屋

mantle n.地幔

margin n.(湖,池等的)边缘

offshore adj.海面上的,远离岸的

orbit n.轨道

range n.山脉,多山的地区

mountain range

mountain chain

knot n.山脉的交结点

summit,top,crest,peak

n.山顶

ravine n.峡谷

canyon n.峡谷

gorge n.峡谷

crevice n.断裂

precipice n.悬崖

cliff n.悬崖

receptacle n.接受器,容器,储存器

remnant n.残余物

ridge n.脊背

sediment n.沉淀物

slope n.斜坡

tectonics n.构造学

topography n.地形学,地貌学

tunnel n.隧道,地道

apply v.应用

cluster v.丛生,群聚

collide v.碰撞

compact v.压紧,固结

concentrate v.集中

conduct v.传导

demolish v.破坏,粉碎

diffuse v.传播,扩散

dispose v.处理,处置

distribute v.散布,分布

drill v.钻孔,钻通

eliminate v.排除

erode v.侵蚀

evaporate v.蒸发

extract v.开采,提炼

hem v.给...镶边,包围

hypothesize v.假设

insulate v.隔离

melt v.融化

precipitate v.使蒸汽凝结而下降

老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11

篇11：老托福阅读真题及答案55

老托福阅读真题及答案55

In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington, in Seattle, engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environment — Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts — to advise them on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials, and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway, which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.

In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report, Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle's park system.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system

(B) The organization of the Seattle city government

(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus

2. The word engaged in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) trained

(B) hired

(D) evaluated

3. The word subsequent in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) complicated

(B) alternate

(D) detailed

4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted

Brothers firm?

(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.

(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.

(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.

5. Why does the author mention local parks and squares in lines 14 when talking about the

Olmsted plan?

(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan

(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan

(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received

the Olmsted Report?

(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.

(B) They ignored the Olmsted's findings.

(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.

7. According to the passage , when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan

for the Seattle public park system?

(A) 1903

(B) 1907

(D) 1913

8. The word sums in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) problems

(B) amounts

(D) debts

9. According to the passage , which of the following was most directly influenced by the

Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?

(A) The University of Washington

(B) Brookline, Massachusetts

(D) The Seattle Parks Board

PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD

托福阅读的高分思维

1.词汇

从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手，也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。

2.通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法--即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。

3.解题训练

排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上，这种方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。

托福阅读介词短语的积累

一、带-ing词尾的介词

barring：except，not including除....外

concerning：about，regarding论及，关于

excepting=except

failing：in default of因缺少...;在缺少。..时

following：after in time;as a sequel to在....以后

including：if we include如果包括我;......包括在内

pending：during/until在.....期间/直到.....为止

regarding：about，concerning，in respect of

二、成语介词

according tas stated by/ in proportion根据...../依照.....