【导语】下面是小编收集整理的怎么掌握托福写作中的论证方法（共7篇），仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：怎么掌握托福写作中的论证方法
怎么掌握托福写作中的论证方法?
方法一：举实例
举实例是在文章主体部分最常用也是最实用的方法!而且这也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子!
或者上面我们举过的例子：
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.
方法二：擅用“换言之”
没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.
更多短语：
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply
方法三：作比较
方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的;
世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语：
相似的比较：
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
相反的比较：
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …
运用上面三种常用的托福写作丰富文章主体的方法，同学们在今后的考试中一定能将苍白空洞的文章变得生动丰富，并且可以吸引到阅卷考官的注意。
托福写作范文精讲
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
“Students are more interested in politics today than before.” Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
立场【Disagree】
Introduction：
Never before have politics been so transparent and so obvious. [倒装结构，可以尝试积累使用，拿到“句法” 分; Never before have film sequels been so varied. ] It is understandable for some people to believe that students show more interest in political events today than theircounterparts [地位相等的人，作用相同的物] previously.[It is understandable…增加句法多样性] However, I have to rebut the statement. [开门见山给出观点]
Body1：
While it is unfair to demonize [妖魔化v.] today's politics, it is fair to say it is not as desirable as is thought.à [中心句topic sentence 统领段落] The world is in flux [n. 不断的变动，不停的变化They are in flux], and yet students are not encouraged to engage with the change. Instead, they are offered the chance to retreat into thought bunkers offered by parents or teachers [过去分词修饰名词], and cut themselves off [(用锋利的刀具等)去除，切除，剪去cut off the fat before frying the steak] from unsettling[adj. 令人不安的，使人担忧的] ideas about political field. In other words, students today are afraid in ways that generations before them were not, they are facing new, intricated[错综复杂的] political conflicts or hardships [困境].Politics can be disasters today. [长短结合，掷地有声] Students thus subconsciously[潜意识的] pay more attention to their own developments instead of concerning political news or trends. In the past, however, students used to read newspapers or watch programs to find information about political events or figures, fantasizing [措辞word choice，正向词来表现对政治的向往] to be a part of the political activity. [对比论证] Of the many worrying things in students’ daily existence, perhaps the most interesting and appealing of all was politics. After all, most students treat political developments as the catalyst [催化剂] of a society. [时间对比]
Body 2:
参考思路：
Information online à read related news on a daily basis / more accessible à awareness cultivated/deeply entrenched à various stories / can better understand politics à show more interest. 具体内容已略，详情见课堂;
Conclusion：
To sum up, the demonizing opinions lurks [v. 隐藏着;潜水Fear lurks beneath the surface.] inside students and overwhelming amount of information about politics online can explain comprehensively about their limited concern for politics today. [总结上文论点，重申观点]
托福写作范文：好老板的作用
What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
Even though job situations can be very different, there are several qualities that all good supervisors have in common. A good boss treats all her employees fairly. She doesn't single out one employee for better (or worse) treatment than the others. A poor supervisor has favorites. Sometimes she'll even use her favorites to spy on other employees. She expects them to tell her what the others are saying about her. This can cause a lot of bad feelings among employees.
A good supervisor gives clear and understandable directions, She doesn't constantly change her mind about what she wants employees to do. She also doesn't get angry with an employee who is confused and needs her to explain the directions again or more fully. Delegating authority well is another quality of a good supervisor. She knows how to use the skills of her employees to best advantage. A poor supervisor insists on doing everything herself. She is unwilling to give any authority to others.
A good boss evaluates her employees on a reasonable set of criteria, not on how she feels about them personally. And she lets the employees know what those criteria are, so they have a fair chance of meeting them. She gives both praise and criticism in a straightforward manner. She also offers guidance when needed. A poor supervisor will criticize without giving any suggestions on how to improve.
Most importantly, a good supervisor sets the standards for her employees by her own behavior. She works hard and treats employees like valuable assets to the company. This promotes good morale among her workers, and this is of great benefit to her business.
托福写作范文：加大公共交通投入
Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways or on improving public transportations? There seems to be a difficult problem since many reasons should be involved.However, after carefully pondering it, I buttress the last one, spending the money on improving public transportation. The reasons are presented below:
There is no denying that improving the public transportation will surely alleviate the pollution given off by enormous cars. If a city has not a developed public transportation, the air will be polluted more heavily. What a dirty environment we will live in! Every day breathing into the air filled with the flour of the gasoline, seeing the sky with the dull color will be the title of our life.So the essence of environment has been realized by an increasingly number of people, to the governments, the protection of environment is especially an undeniable mission.
Another reason I agree with it is that developed public transportation will decrease the frequency of the traffic jams. Perhaps no worse word than “traffic jams” exists, to the businessmen who believe in “Time is money”. Traffic jams not only cost the people time and expense, but also create a bad mood for work. It greatly decreases the efficiency of the whole city. I imagine how can a city whose avenue full of traffic jams develop its economics?
Finally, I want to say that improving the public transportation provide a great number of ways of transportation for most of the poor people who can not afford to buy a car. It is known that our citizens is not made of only people who has the ability to own a car, but the very poor people are also included. I believe that however the technology is improved, the public apparatus should not be ignored, because it serves the people all over the city.
Nevertheless, the private transportation has its own advantages, for instance, it can save a lot of time in some cases, provide some convenience for people. But improving on roads and highways is advantageous only conditionally. Based on the above discussion, I agree with the opinion that the government should spend money on improving public transportation not only it can protect environment and save time for people, but it also can create a convenient environment for all the citizens.
篇2：托福写作中论据论证方法
托福写作中论据论证方法分享
托福写作包括两块：独立写作和综合写作。对于独立写作，从早期托福考试一直延续下来的形式，这个形式大家比较熟悉，包括思路和写作材料，需要我们关注的有几点：
第一个Well Organized&Well Developed，怎么样让文章结构写的完整，而且把你的观点阐述清楚。大家在写的过程中可能Developed过程是特别重要的，你平时阅读的时候要特别注意。
第二个是Appropriate Word Choice，就是你怎么样把这个词用对，写出来一句话你要让阅卷者完成阅读并且完成理解如果你用一个说法以前没有人用过，这个时候他看了也不知道是什么意思，如果我们第二语言学英语的时候，就像英语是第一母语学汉语的时候犯的错误是一样的。
第三个Cohesive&Coherent，主要是在语言论述和阐述过程中的问题，托福写作写的是议论文，不是小说也不是散文，所以在这个过程当中如何让文章结构变得严谨，这是重要的过程，你怎么样让它实现完整的论文结构，所以老师会告诉大家怎么样实现。另外在描述的'过程中需要保持语言的连贯，第一个是逻辑的连贯性，逻辑是不是一致的，有没有出现冲突。第二是语意上的连贯。
第四个Variety of Language Use你需要一种语言变化，平时在写作文的时候会有一个问题，写任何一个东西的时候我可能想脑子里信出来的表述方式非常有限，所以导致一讲Said你就听不明白了，对于语言的变化并不是要去炫，而是要你的语言表述有一种特征，向考官表明你能自由驾驭一种语言，这也是托福考试本的核心和目的。
综合写作
第一个No Attitude of the author，独立写作是你自己的想法，综合写作一定不能有自己的想法，你要看别人的东西，第二个就是Completely repeated Points必须完整复述你听到、看到的东西，你在写的时候不能漏掉听到和看到的。第三个Parophrase我们在大学上课的时候需要看教科书、讲义，听教授讲课，同时要做笔记，同时还要有自己的理解。可能课后老师要你完成一个作业，托福考试在这点上把所有的练习都放在一个环境当中，通过阅读也好、写作也好会对你自身在美国的学习打下非常好的基础。
篇3：托福写作的“对比”论证方法
托福写作的“对比”论证方法
1、有和无的对比
在托福独立写作题目中，有些题目只是单纯地问某一事物(或做法)的好坏，比如:“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.”对于这类题目，考生也可以运用对比手法来论证，此时要对比的就是“有”和“无”的差异。就这道题目而言，考生可以对比“诚实”和“不诚实”有何差异。又如，想要证明互联网的好处，考生可以先说明互联网带来的方便，然后对比说如果现在没有互联网，人们的生活中将会有许多不方便。再比如，想要证明做某件事情带来的好处，考生可以先分析这件事的好处，再对比说明如果当时没有做这件事情将有什么后果。考生需要注意，因为对比的内容并未发生，与是事实相反，因此需要使用虚拟语气。
2、一事物和另一事物的对比
托福独立写作的某些题目会涉及一件事和另一件事的对比，或是一种做法和另一种做法的对比，或是一个物体和另一个物体的对比。为了充分凸显自己选择的一方的好处，考生除了证明自己选择的一方如何好，还可以使用对比手法，证明另一方不好。
托福写作加分要素
闪光的托福作文包含四个要素：
1 完整性：句子结构完整，意义完整;
2 连贯性：句子各部分之间以及句子之间的关系紧密、协调，前后意思连贯，思想表达清楚有序;
3 简洁性：言简意赅;
4 多样性：包括词汇多样性和句子多样性。
以上四要素中，前三个要素是前提和基础，比较容易做到;多样性是对前三个要素的升华，是作文闪光点的核心和关键所在。
托福词汇多样性：
词汇贫乏之中国学生英语作文的通病。整篇作文一个词用到底，从不作任何变化：一遇到“改变/变化”就是change，“影响”就是 effect，“流行”就是popular，“认为”就是think;每逢“因为”就是because，“意识到”就是realize，“想到”就是 think of，等等。其实英语词汇很丰富的，同一个意思可以由很多不同的方式表达。
句子多样性
单调的句式和结构、长度相近的句子使作文呆板单调，缺乏生动性和说服力;而灵活多变的句子样式和结构则使作文语言生动，自然流畅，丰富多彩。具体包括以下几个方面：
长短句变换：简单句、并列句和复合句交替运用
长句准确生动，长于说明推理;短句简洁明快，意义明确，印象深刻，描述动作，表明主旨，总结归纳，非短句不可。既然各有所长，在写作时应根据实际需要，交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，以达到“段间长短不一，全篇句式万千”、丰富多样的效果，给读者以及阅卷老师以永恒的新鲜感。
结构多样化：我们学过非谓语动词结构(包括不定式结构和分词结构)，无动词结构，分隔结构，比较结构，独立结构，with复合结构，特殊否定结构，it结构，平行结构，强调结构，倒装结构，等等。其中最为神通广大的是非谓语动词结构，在句中或作主语、宾语，或作表语、宾语补足语，或作定语修饰名词，或作状语表示条件、原因、让步、时间、方式、目的、结果、伴随状况等，不一而足。
非谓语动词结构可以简化大部分英语从句，产生语言简练，结构丰富多样的效果。
托福写作要打破惯性思维
一、托福写作的立意
由此进入破题与立意结合的阶段。充分的破题所积累的大量思维方向给我们以信心，要做的只有一项遴选工序了。而这选并不是闭上眼睛随手挑，而要符合以下条件：
1.要与论题相匹配。
论题问的既然是提高生活质量与否，一些无关紧要的改变就应该弃之不用，比如烹调时间缩短这一项改变，是事实，且未对生活质量有直接明显影响，就应该避免用作主要论点。
2.要能言之有物。
这是再功利不过的一条标准。比如我自己提到了食物准备时间缩短能让人性情改变，破题时觉得不无可能，真落笔时却不知道由何说起，如果选了这一条为一个主要论点，结果是我说了一句话就走人，那还不如选个能下笔，能展示语言功底，也能显示思维缜密的写作方向。
3.选择的无论是2个还是3个论点，内在一定要有联系。
这其实是整个立意阶段的重头。要立意，就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么，明确立场。然后站在这个立场上，挑选支持自己的论点。
托福写作破题结束后，第二要做的重要事项便是整理行文思路。破题过程其实是个发散思维的过程，而立意，则是要把思维收回来，组织化，理清它的脉络纹路，让他们按照自认为最有说服力的顺序排列好，准备落于纸上的过程。这个说服力的强弱，应该以什么标准判断呢?
笔者认为，能说服读者的议论，在论点选择上应该遵循一个原则：三个(或者两个)论点不能在层面上有交叉，但要符合一条明线：支持全文观点。而最打动读者的论点选择，不仅遵循上面的原则，三个看似不交叉的论点间还有一条暗线贯穿一致。令全文浑然天成，回味无穷。
立意的地一步，按照上面的原则看，当然是先确定观点。以题目为例，笔者愿意选择否，食物易于准备降低了人们的生活质量。第一步踏出去了。
确定观点后，破题时得到的思维方向，明显不利于我的就应该排除。
比如营养价值改变这一条，虽然速食文化的确对人体有害，但另一项速食：生疏和熟粗粮，就是向有益方向改变的，两者势均力敌，仅管是很容易想到，也很容易举例论证的论点，却不宜使用，因为如此贸然用了，有思维不缜密之嫌。然而，这毕竟是一块好啃的骨头，如果其他论点都不好论证，还可以回头捡起这一条来，隐去健康速食那个事实进行作文，当然，这依然是下下之选。
二、托福写作中需排除异己
之后，便该比较遗留的可能性论点，选取能言之有物且不交叉的项目，作为主要论点了。
托福写作考试发散思维时，思维如洪水，席卷一切进入视野的可用之材，但大浪淘尽后，选择时就要格外注意这些素材的特征属性，看准了着手点才能下手。一个可能的论点必须作者有话可说才能选用，但如果对一个论点有太多话要说，就应该停下来，看看这些话能否安插在其他论点上。这也是出于观察论点间交叉性的需要。比如我选生活节奏改变，引发出速食对食量的影响，再引出对身体的影响，但第一个选择的论点是营养价值对身体的影响，两个论点就交叉在一起了。
在挑选论点，寻找言之有物这个“物”的时候，一定要注意避免层面的交叉，而这个层面，也要从托福写作题目中来：题目问的是对生活质量的影响，这些选择的层面一定和生活质量有关。生活质量又有什么层面呢?身体健康是一层，心理健康是一层，这两者合并在一起，是人类健康生活的基本要求，而物质享受是在基本要求上的锦上添花，又可以算一层，三层不交叉的层面就找到了。以此为依据，再回头找匹配的论点，事半功倍。此处也需要注意，破题时给出的方向只是方向，不是成熟的论点。有需要时，可以把匹配的几个方向糅合成一个论点，方便下笔。
针对本题，三个论点如下：
身体健康下降：速食对食量的影响。心理健康下降：快速的生活节奏造成压力。物质享受下降：精心调配的美食是一种格调，人们正在沉沦于生活压力中，丧失享受的品位。
这三个论点,大家可能都看得心满意足,以为思路完成了,可以下笔了.事实上就这么下笔,的确已经可以成文了.可要写成一篇动人的议论,还是不够.因为这三个论点虽不交叉,却只有一条明线为关联:这条明线就是支持全文观点.细细研究,它们再无其它联系,如果写成文章,读后不会有一气呵成的畅快淋漓之感,也不会特别深入人心.
这条暗线，应该是什么呢?是让托福写作从死板规矩的举例说理，三片豆腐块儿拼成的死文字，变成有思想，又灵性，能从纸上走出来，走进读者内心去的，作者的心声。这暗线，就是前文提过的，能赋予文章品格的，刚柔之论，是或者以情，或者以理，串联整篇文章。
既然这条暗线要贯穿全文，就必须与各个论点有一定联系。而在串连所有论点的同时，要避免交叉，就使这个暗线出于一个全新的视角。之前笔者从题目用词的角度发散思维，再根据题目提问的出发点将发散开的思维分成三股收束起来。从题目本身入手，已无处再用力，可以使用的视角，只能从个人经验和知识中采凿-----而这正是独立写作的基本要求：writing based on knowledge and experience
仍然以题目为例，笔者醉心心理学，因此这一次的暗线会从心理角度入手。调用笔者的心理学知识储备，在遗留的可能性论点中寻找可以嵌含的切入点，将可以利用的心理角度理论排列出一定顺序，落笔时以暗线而非明线的顺序依次展开论证。
托福写作中倒装句的使用技巧
倒装句有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。
一、 表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。
二、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。
3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、 使描写生动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!
以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,托福作文中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。
篇4：雅思写作必须掌握的论证方法
雅思写作必须掌握的论证方法
我们知道英语作文的生产过程，如果需要两大能力，可以简化的看成考核了两个部分，一个是你有没有思路。很多人说话写作是缺乏必要的内容的。第二个是语言表达是否能够到位、准确和丰富。现在在市面上很多的考试中，比如说文章真正有意义，能够出观点的，或者是能够有深度的文章我们能够出一个比较漂亮的写作框架的这种是比较少的。我给大家其中的一样东西是，拿到任何一个话题，一定要学会变成具体的现象，雅思的考试是国际性和非专业性，考官为了保证国际上各个地方的人都能谈出自己的东西，所以和社会上的一些热点紧密相连的。 通过一个思维的转换，把一个单纯的作文题目，把它具体化，具体化之后马上能够出具体的框架。
比如我拿另外一个环节给大家讲一下， 就是谈了观点之后，如何出问句，我们现在说举例子是最常见的方法。有一点要提醒大家，写作和口语都很欢迎具体的.例证。中国人我们比较的讲究人证，西方人不能讲究法证，法政就是要尽可能的给一些具体的实例和数据。举例子的过程中，一个请你注意内容的切题，还有一个是注意语言的简洁概括。我们很多的同学例子举的不错，但是语言如果太罗嗦的话，会冲淡色彩。
篇5：托福独立写作论证方法之因果论证
托福独立写作论证方法之因果论证
首先明确，在托福独立写作中怎样的论证称得上一个“好论证”呢?如果你的论证可以说服考官，那么这就是一个成功的论证。如果考官读完你的论证，觉得言之无理甚至还想反驳，那就是一个比较失败的论证，你的写作分数也就只能拿到20分左右。
如果你的论证整体符合逻辑，仅仅有一些小的论证瑕疵，那么写作分数会拿到25分左右，也就是大部分同学的目标写作分数段。这5期音频课，我会为大家讲解如何做好独立写作中的“论证”。
首先介绍独立写作中常用的论证方法：因果论证;对比论证;举例论证;数据论证;多事例论证。今天先介绍第一种论证方法：因果论证。
因果论证的逻辑关系非常直白：因为……所以……。但是很多同学都难以构建合理的因果逻辑链条。比如这道题：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作业可以提高学生的学习成绩”，后面的论证就是要解释这句话成立的原因。很多考生的的逻辑论证是：每天做作业有利于复习，因此考试可以取得高分。
这是一个中规中矩的论证，只能被评价为“说得通”，但是不会让考官赞同为“很有道理”。那么怎样的因果逻辑才会得到考官的青睐呢?
首先来讲一个最简单的逻辑论证套路：三段论。这是逻辑学上最简单的一个逻辑判定过程，分为大前提、小前提以及结论三部分。举个例子：
大前提：胖子都爱吃肉;
小前提：小明是个胖子;
结论：小明爱吃肉。
这就是一个三段式逻辑论证链条。这种逻辑方式成立的前提是：大前提和小前提都要在普遍认知里是基本正确的。那我们来验证一下以上的这个论证逻辑。
大前提“胖子都爱吃肉”的论断不够有说服力;小前提“小明是个胖子”是一个合理的判断;最后得出的结论“小明爱吃肉”的说服力也就不足。
以上的这个逻辑判断，在逻辑上虽然没有问题，但是在推理上是有问题的，因为大前提难以成立。这种逻辑判断在独立写作中就不是一个成功的论证。
下面回归我们最开始提出的题目：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果将论证逻辑比喻成一次旅途，那么完整的逻辑链条就是到达目的地的过程。如果在论证中没有到达目的地而是中途下车，那么这个逻辑链条就不够完善。上面的题目要如何利用三段式论证方法进行论证呢?
大前提：学生每天要学习很多科目的新知识，因此一定会有所遗忘;
小前提：每天的作业可以帮助学生复习，避免这种遗忘;
结论：做作业让学生可以更好的掌握学过的知识点，因此可以提高考试成绩。
再试一道题目:
Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What’s your opinion?
如果你的观点是同意“视频游戏课”很有效，首先就要对“effective”这个词进行拆解，视频游戏课对哪方面的课程学习有效。比如你认为视频游戏课对于培养孩子的学习兴趣很有效，那么这就是你要构建的因果逻辑链条的首末端。下面我们用三段论方式串起来。
大前提：孩子们对于声音、图片以及移动的形象比较感兴趣;
小前提：游戏的设计通常包含了有趣的声音、图片以及移动形象等吸引孩子们的要素;
结论：游戏对于提高孩子们的兴趣很有效。
总结一下，三段论的方式就是，先将大前提和你的论证目的建立联系，随后再将小前提和你的论证目的建立联系，这样得出的结论就比较有说服力。
托福考试作文范文:有钱就算成功吗
托福考试作文题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福考试作文参考分析：
不同意此观点。金钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准，成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献。从多角度论证金钱不是万能的。
托福考试作文范文参考：
Since people's criteria for success differ, there is much debate over whether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I am concerned, in today's society that stresses on individual achievement, money provides the best evaluation of one's accomplishment.
To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one's achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one's earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one's success. Each year, Fortune Magazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful people throughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are no other methods to rely on.
In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one's hard work and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny the sources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual values and then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves no money at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changed my opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for in his way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms of time, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental and physical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way for self-accomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.
Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one's lifetime. As everyone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to be satisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without a certain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her material demand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificent houses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do a lot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people. All these will not only satisfy one's need for personal fulfillment, but also add grandness to one's success.
In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one's achievement. But we should keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use it to benefit the society are really successful.
托福考试作文范文:孩子是否应该参加家务
托福考试作文题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福考试作文参考分析：
(1)同意孩子参加家务的人群认为能够让儿童理解父母;让儿童发展一些家务技能，还能够让儿童体会到成功和失败的乐趣。本文是此观点。
(2)不同意让孩子做家务的人群认为让孩子过早参与家务劳动，而不顾孩子的承受能力，可能会导致孩子的逆反心理，反倒达不到教育目的。
托福考试作文范文参考：
Should children be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so? People have different opinions. Some people think that parents can do all the household tasks without children's help, children are still too young to do house work and sometimes they even make things worse. Other people, however, argue that it is very useful for children to take part in the household work. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the second opinion.
In the first place, children may have the sense of contribution when they take part in household tasks. After a child was born, the parents are always the part that gives, such as feeding, changing clothes, and bathing the baby. Others help children because they are too young to do these tasks. When they grow up, they will gradually have the ability to do something, such as washing clothes for themselves, cleaning the room for themselves. If they are required to do what they can do, after finishing their jobs and looking at the result of their jobs, such the clean clothes and the clean room, children will have a strong sense of contribution and success, which will help them form a good personal character.
In the second place, participating the household tasks will teach children how to cooperate with other people. For instance, when doing a house cleaning, one person cannot finish it all by oneself. Different tasks should be divided among several people. For example, dad cleans the windows, mom cleans the kitchen, boys clean the floor and girls decorate the wall. Gradually, children will get to know that they need to cooperate with others to make things done better and faster.
托福考试作文范文:穿校服的弊端
托福考试作文题目：Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
托福考试作文参考分析：
(1)阐述了穿校服的弊端
(2)本文观点为同意穿校服，理由是可以保证学生的平等，对塑造学生品质有好处;可以保证学生可以更加关注于学习;还能够维护学校的形象。
托福考试作文范文参考：
I hate uniforms! It makes all the students look the same. When I am trying to find my friend from a group of student, I always make mistake because I cannot tell the difference among the girls who are all wearing the same clothes. Moreover, I am always nervous about my uniforms since I may not have another one to change into. The other one is still waiting to be washed or is still wet. After P. E., you cannot identify which coat is mine, so I just take one that looks like it. I am sure the coat I am wearing now is not the one I had first. That is my life with uniforms.
Because everyone is against it, my school revoked this rule. Then, we could wear everything we want to. But new problems came up. Everyone began to buy new, brand name, expensive clothes and the campus because a big stage in no time. At last, the uniforms came back to our lives.
Undoubtedly, everyone has the freedom to choose what to wear and, of course, everyone wants to make himself/ herself good-looking. But when we are just students, study is our first important thing to do. Paying too much attention to attire can influence our study. Furthermore, we may spend too much money that is not earned by ourselves but come from our parents' hard working.
The reasons above cause more and more schools make a rule to forbid trendy dresses or make students wear uniforms. It is not a good way but an effective way to solve these problems.
If we want to get rid of uniforms forever, we must solve these problems by ourselves instead of the schools rule. We should earn school's trust by our behavior, then we can thoroughly say goodbye to uniforms!
篇6：雅思写作论证方法
雅思写作论证方法
一、原因：
原因论证是写作中常用的论证方法，可以通过写一个现象的原因来承接中心句，一般放在层逻辑衔接中使用比较多。
常用连接词：
…because/since/as…
…due to sth(不放句首)
常用句式：
1. This is largely/partly due to…,
…, which is largely/partly due to… 这主要/部分是由于什么。
2. The main reason for it is …N/that +完整的句子
…, the main reason for which is… 主要的原因是什么。
二、结果：
结果论证分为两种，种是指好的结果，第二种是指坏的结果，具体由中心句的内容决定。结果论证在层逻辑和第二层逻辑中都可以使用。
常用连接词：
Consequently,
As a consequence/result,
…therefore… 因此
…, so that 一句话，以至于…
常用句式：
Some students are used to finishing learning tasks all alone, which may result in an unpleasant consequence that their interpersonal skills will deteriorate.
一些学生习惯于自一人完成学习任务，这可能会导致一个不好的结果，他们的人际交流技能可能会变差。
三、举例：
雅思写作中的举例论证用得不像托福写作那么多，可以是personal experience, 但尽量举一些比较客观的例子，并且例子不要太长，一两句话概括即可，适当对例子进行评论。一般用于第二层逻辑衔接比较多。
常用连接词：
...like /such as(不放开头，后面加名词)
For example﹦For instance(放句首时，后加完整的句子)
E.g. Teamwork benefits students in many ways. For example, the potential of leadership may be possibly stimulated and developed through teamwork.
团队合作能在很多方面使学生们受益。举个例子，通过团队合作就能激发和培养导力的潜能。
四、比较：
对比论证分为两种，一种是具体情况的正反对比，拿两件事物进行正反比较。另一种是过去与现在的对比，常用于科技文比较多。层与第二层逻辑衔接均可以使用。
常用连接词：
A…, while/whereas B…
While/whereas A…, B…
A…By/In contrast, B…
常用句式：
…, which is in stark/sharp/striking contrast with the fact that…
…, 这和以下事实形成鲜明对比。
E.g. Students who go to university immediately after gradation can better adjust themselves to the academic life, whereas/while those who take a gap year off are very unlikely to refocus their attention on study.
那些毕业后直接上大学的学生能更好地适应大学生活，而那些参加间隔年的学生却很可能无法再专注于学习。
雅思写作范文：学术vs职业技能
Task：Nowadays, most people learn academic study in university, but others think we should encourage to learn vocational skills more, do you agree or disagree?
Sample answer：
There is an upsurge in practical knowledge in these years and people have seen many education courses being totally theory-based. Going to college or learning practical skills, which is better, has been a discussion among public. In my view, the choice really depends on different individuals’ needs and will.
When a student is leaning academic knowledge in university, other skills are also developed. University education will focus on some exceptional abilities like organization, interpretation, evaluation and communication, which can help students to be a well-rounded person. A qualified student should also posses some important skills, such as problems solving and critical thinking.
Learning fixing or construction or something practical like these also sounds reasonable. It is well-recognized that every student has to work after they graduate. They should be equipped with competence which enhances the transition from school to work. Besides, an excellent student learner is admittedly important to society, but more important is his or her productivity. However, college education focuses more on theoretical knowledge instead of practical abilities, which distances learners from the real life.
My view is that this choice is according to different people’s needs and will. For instance, if a doctor spends 3 years in practicing medicine, his experience will be more than his peers who stay in college after they graduate. Also, in our society, a doctor’s reputation is based on his skills and experience.to doctors, practical skills are more important. However, it may be better to pursue further education for a philosopher until he gets a doctor degree. Meanwhile, different people have different wills to do different things, which means they can do the personal choice for themselves.
Overall, I think the choice is quite personal and people will make the best decision based on their conditions.
(294 words)
雅思写作范文：生活压力变大的原因
Task：It is said that people’s life now is becoming more and more stressful. What are the causes and how to solve it?
思路解析：
1. 科技更新太快，这意味着人们不得不很努力地不停学习新的知识和技能。此外，激烈的就业竞争也让人们每天都处在紧张状态中。
2. 需要背负很多家庭责任，如照顾父母，照顾小孩。而生活成本却在不断增加，这让人们感受到经济上的压力。
3. 如何释放压力：多运动，运动能让人摆脱抑郁和沮丧，恢复精神上的放松。多跟人交流，这能获得来自他人的安慰，建议，和关爱，让人们看淡困难和焦虑。
参考范文：
The acceleration of industrialization and the prosperity of economy benefit our society a great deal. But with the speeding up of economic development, people are facing more and more pressure from various aspects of their life. This essay will explore the causes for the heavy pressure and put forward some feasible solutions.
One of the major causes is that people’s living rhythm has been promoted immensely with the upgrading of new-knowledge and hi-tech. To keep abreast with the society, people have to work intensively on the one hand and improve their knowledge on the other. The economic globalization strengthened international cooperation and expand people’s scope of activity. The fierce social competition deprives people of their spare time and makes their life more stressful.
Another factor comes from the pressure of people’s family. People in the current society have to shoulder the responsibility of family maintenance. On the one hand, people have to care for their parents, creating for them a happy and comfortable life. On the other hand, they have to give their children good education. To earn more money, people have to work very hard to finance their family.
If people live in heavy pressure, they will have problems both physically and psychologically. To relieve the pressure, I think the following suggestions are feasible and practical. Firstly, people are suggested to go in for some sports games in their spare time or at the weekend. Sports can build up people’s physique and make them vigorous. Secondly, people should communicate with others frequently and confess their trouble and difficulty to others, which is a very magic way to release one’s pressure. Finally, people have to find a balance between money and health. Otherwise, one’s health will be overdrawn and spoiled by money earning.
In brief, good life should not be obtained at the price of the deterioration of one’s health. People should improve their living pattern and lead a life of high quality.
(337 words)
雅思写作范文：消费品危害自然
Topic：
The increase in the production of consumer goods results in damage to the natural environment. What are the causes of this? What can be done to solve this problem?
Sample answer：
The high demand of consumer goods has led to the depletion of natural resources as well as environmental degradation. How to reverse this situation should be paid more attention and both the government and individuals should take responsibility for this.
The past decades have witnessed the expansion of human population, which results in the ever-growing requirement for various products such as food, clothing. Not only does this cause the decrease of natural resources, but also contributes to environmental deterioration. An example of this is that people cut down more trees for disposable chopsticks and furniture, leading to deforestation in many areas. This further causes some problems like soil, erosion, droughts and change in temperature.
Another reason is that people lack environmental awareness. Otherwise, they would not live a throw-away life and cause some avoidable waste or pollution. A large number of people have not yet realized the importance of recycling, nor are they conscious of the households appliances can end up in landfill sites and these non-biodegradable products can have a destructive effect on the environment.
To cope with this problem, governments should firstly try to raise public's awareness for environmental protection and recycling. Besides, they should also invest heavily in some renewable energy resources such as nuclear, solar or wind energy. Meanwhile, ordinary people should make an effort to consume less and recycle more and classify rubbish in order to reduce the damage of waste.
To sum up, the increase of world population and insufficient environmental consciousness are associated with the issue stated. And to combat with it, every member in the society should take actions.
(267 words)
篇7：托福独立写作论证方法思路实例分析
很多同学都很头疼独立写作的中间到底写点什么，小编也经常听到学生抱怨：那些范文的作者怎么有那么多有的没的可以扯，我就是想不出那么多话那么多内容往文章里搬啊。面对这样的问题，小编一开始也很困惑应该怎样去帮助他们，因为这是确实存在的一个事实，暂且不谈英文，即便是说中文，也有一些人是能“扯”的，有一些人是“不能扯”的。后来小编发现，“能不能扯”在方向上来说就已经错了，或者说已经偏了，偏离了简单写作的轨道。原因在于，内容是无止尽的，非要一个高中生脑子里装很多内容素材也确实强人所难。即便经历了长期的准备积累，在考场上要把这些信息想到，再敲到文章里也是很耗费时间的，所以说关于论证细节，如果从内容下手进行思考，反而会让写作看起来更复杂。那么，托福考试中的简单写作到底是什么呢?那就是考生一定听说过的“论证方法”。大部分考生对这个词不陌生，知道主体段需要运用各种论证方法进行支持。在此，小编想强调的是，考生大可不必从内容上去思考写点什么，而是直接可以从论证方法入手，因为论证方法是有止尽的，最常用的也是最好用的论证方法包括因果论证(分析原因、说明结果)、举例论证、引证以及对比论证。我们随便看几个范文段落就可以发现，文章段落中的每一句话都是有存在的目的的，所谓目的就是论证的方法。
论证方法实例分析1
例如：
1. Firstly,the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.(中心句)2.In the times without the Internet,the main way to be well-educated was attending schools.3.But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.4.Thanks to the Internet technology,the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.5.For example,Khan Academy,an innovative online educational company,offers high-quality and free-of-charge cramming courses involving mathematics,physics and other high school subjects.6.Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.
整个段落一共6句话，第一句话是中心句，第二句到第四句是对比论证(没有网络的时候VS有了网络的时候)，第五句和第六句是两个例子。
论证方法实例分析2
再如：
1.In the first place,job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.2.Due to the fierce competition and social pressure,whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work,which also determines how many profits the company will get.3.My brother can be cited as a good example.4.At first,he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.5.He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissatisfaction.6.As a result,he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation,better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.7.Now,my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.
整个段落一共7句话，第一句仍然是中心句，第二句用的是因果论证，第三句开始举了具体的个人例子。
因此，当中心句写完之后，到底写点什么来支撑一个段落的字数，考生可以从论证方法这个概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果论证，带一下原因，再将结果层层递进写几句话，结束之后字数肯定不够，那就想一下还有一种论证方法叫举例论证，能不能编一个例子出来。同理，Body 2还是先写中心句，接下来写一句因果，写一句对比(正反假设)，最后再来一组例子。简而言之，我们在思考的时候从论证方法出发，但是呈献给考官看的还是内容。论证方法只是便于我们快速想到写的内容的方向，总比绞尽脑汁直接想内容要简单得多。
如何让段落逻辑清晰?
在了解了怎样以最快速度想出理由段写点什么内容之后，还需要注意的一个问题是，有些人能“条理清晰地扯”，有些人“扯出了一团浆糊”。那么怎样才能让考官看着觉得这个段落逻辑清晰呢?笔者在看了很多官方范文及学生的高分文章后，发现了一个规律，好的文章段落有一个共同的逻辑层次，即由抽象到具体，上文两个段落的层次安排也是按照这样来进行的，中心句结束后进行解释，最后搬上例子。这样看来，文章理由段的写法也非常简单，按照上面的安排操作即可，根据论证方法配以具体的内容，一个段落就能轻松完成了。在此要强调的是，新托福作文中，主体段的例子是非常重要的，考生应该做到每一个段落都要有例子支持，当然并不一定是具体某个人的例子，可以是引用的研究结果，也可以使用排比的句式写出一组列举的例子。
如果你还在为托福独立写作中间段不知道如何写而困惑，小编相信看过上文内容后，你心中的疑惑应该就能够得到比较好的解答了。
托福考试作文范例：是否所有学科的大学生都应该学习历史?
托福考试作文题目：
University students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study.
学习任何学科的大学生都应该被要求学习历史课，是否认同?
(2013年9月29日 = 2009年6月13日)
思路拓展：
历史学习的利好：
1. 阅读本身就是快乐的，学习本身就是一种成长。阅读经典史书，无论是典故，传记，还是语录，都是一种开拓视野，丰富知识，增加文化底蕴的过程。
2. 很多精英，无论是文体明星，还是商业巨子，他们的成功的重要因素之一就是大学期间博览群书，钻研历史。学习历史不仅增强了他们的文化底蕴，更加教会他们以史为鉴，理性思考。换言之，他们不断借鉴史书，积累成功的方法，学习失败的经验。当他们走出校园，搏击商海，拓展事业的时候，从历史学习中汲取精神力量帮助他们避免犯类似的错误，危机中做出明智选择。
为何不学习历史：
我承认，有人也许对于我的立场持怀疑态度。
有人认为，大学所有专业的学生都被要求学习历史也许不可取，因为不是人人都对历史感兴趣，历史学习不一定对于每个专业的学生都有实际的利好。例如，对于植物学专业的学生而言，学习历史可能耽误时间，分散精力，因此，积累历史知识对于未来的就业可能影响不大。
但是，我想反驳的是：对于历史学习的兴趣是可以培养的，通过学习历史获得的精神乐趣，培养的辩证思维对于每个人的未来都是有利好的影响。
【基础语料库】
1. instill confidence into oneself
v灌输自信
解析：instill v灌输……
2. foster one’s rational thinking and critical thought
v培养理性思维和批判思维
3. get a clear perspective of oneself
v了解自己
4. make sound judgment on
v对于……做出理性的判断
解析：sound adj理性的;健康的
5. enhance one’s literacy
v增强一个人的读写能力
6. avoid making similar mistakes
v避免犯相似的错误
7. enlarge one’s scope of knowledge
v增加知识面
8. broaden one’s mental horizons
v拓宽视野
拓展： expand one’s mind v开拓视野(口语推荐)
9. exert a positive impact on the future
v对于未来有积极影响
10. learn the relevant experiences from the historical events
v从历史事件中学习相关经验
11. learn the methods of addressing the problems
v学习解决问题的方法
12. if one’s major is totally irrelevant to history
如果一个人的专业和历史完全无关
解析：such as botany or zoology 例如动物学和动物性
13. to learn history will distract one’s energy and waster one’s time
v学习历史会分散精力，浪费时间
14. take history as a mirror
v以史为鉴
15. foster one’s analytical, creative and rational thinking
v培养人的分析性思维，创造性思维和理性思维
点评：可以支持历史，文学，哲学等课程。
16. mature one’s thought
v成熟思想
17. reflect on oneself
v自我反思
18. deepen one’s insight into life
v 加深对于生活的洞察
解析：insight into = understanding about v对于……的洞察
19. brings about a great many benefits to one’s spiritual growth
v给人的精神成长带来很多利好
20. have nothing to do with our current life
v和我们当前的生活联系不大
解析：is irrelevant to v和……的关系不大
点评：让步段使用
【原创语料库】
1. People have been debating for many years whether or not the college students as a whole should be required to study history without reaching any consensus
人们在争议是否大学生应该被鼓励学习历史，没有达成共识。
2. All university students, regardless of their majors，are supposed to spend some time learning history-related courses.
每个大学生，无论学习何种专业，都应该花点时间学习和历史相关的课程。
3. College students of all fields ought to know some common sense about the past.
学习任何学科的大学生都应该对于过去有些基本常识。
4. The pleasure of acquiring history knowledge lies in the process of reading itself.
学习历史知识的乐趣在于阅读本身。
5. To travel in the ocean of history-related books， no matter what one reads such as stories, biographies or analects，is a good way to expand one’s mental horizons，enlarge one’s scope of knowledge and strengthen one’s cultural deposits.
阅读经典历书，无论是典故，传记，还是语录，都是一种开拓视野，丰富知识，增加文化底蕴的过程。
6. Examples from many fields could be quoted to justify my stand. A lot of social elites ranging from top stars to eminent entrepreneurs all take a keen interest in studying history-related courses and reading extensively, which conduces to their later achievements in personal career.
很多精英，无论是文体明星，还是商业巨子，他们的成功的重要因素之一就是大学期间，钻研历史, 博览群书。
7. The acquisition of history knowledge not only strengthens their cultural deposits, but also fosters their rational mode of thinking, for they have learnt to take history as a mirror.
学习历史不仅增强了他们的文化底蕴，更加教会他们以史为鉴，理性思考。
8. In other words, they constantly benefit form the past histories by means of learning successful figures and mirroring the experiences of failure.
换言之，他们不断借鉴史中,积累成功的方法，学习失败的经验。
解析：mirror = reflect v反思
9. After finishing university life, they dived into bossiness world or expanded personal career， what they spiritually gained from history learning helps them avoid committing blunders and make sound judgment.
当他们走出校园，搏击商海，拓展事业的时候，从历史学习中汲取精神力量帮助他们避免犯类似的错误，危机中做出明智选择。
10. Admittedly, some people might take skeptical attitude towards my standpoint.
我承认，有人也许对于我的立场持怀疑态度。
11. Someone might argue that it is not feasible to inspire students of all fields to study history because not every individual can be attracted by the idea of knowing the past and the energy spent in history might fail to benefit their future directly.
有人认为，大学所有专业的学生都被要求学习历史也许不可取，因为不是人人都对历史感兴趣，历史学习不一定对于每个专业的学生都有实际的利好.
12. Confronted with the tremendous pressure of academic study , only few students will allocate energies and time to history learning
学习压力大，学生们不愿意学习历史.
解析：allocate to v分配……
解析：allocate time to doing sth = is unwilling to do sth = is reluctant to do sth v不愿意做……
13. One’s interest in history can be cultivated
对于历史学习的兴趣是可以培养的.
14. The mental pleasure and dialectical thinking deriving from history learning could impose a proud influence on one’s future.
通过学习历史获得的精神乐趣，培养的辩证思维对于每个人的未来都是有利好的影响。
文档为doc格式
