下面是小编给各位读者分享的初中英语语法--冠词 备课资料,欢迎大家分享。
篇1:初中英语语法--冠词 备课资料
二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:
1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.
3 表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠词的用法:
1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?
4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.
8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s
11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 零冠词的用法:
1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?
3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.
5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.
6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.
篇2:初中英语语法--名词 备课资料
语法网络图
一.名词I.名词的种类:
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名,团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves
加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则 例词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,
3 只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party
6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)
7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1. ’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot
7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠词
篇3:初中英语语法--代词 备课资料
&nbs p;三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no:no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
篇4:初中冠词英语语法
初中冠词英语语法大全
冠词通常是a 、an和the这三个词。下面就是老师为同学们带来的对冠词的详细讲解,供同学们学习的参考。
知识点总结
说到冠词,大家一定会想到a 、an和the,实际上,冠词就是指这三兄弟。
1. 不定冠词的基本用法:(1)不定冠词有a和an两种:a用于辅音音素开头的词前,例如:a dog, an用于元音音素开头的词前,例如:an apple;(2)用来表示“―”的意思,但不强调数的观念,只说明名词为不特定者。即不具体说明是何人何物。例如:She picked up a book and began to read.(3)不定冠词含有“―”的意思,但数量观念没有one强烈,在句子里边一般可以不必译出,但若有“一个”的意思则译出,(4)一般用在可数名词单数前,指人或事物的某一种类。例如:I am a nurse.(5)用在某些固定词组中,如have a rest,a few,a lot 等。
2. 定冠词的用法:(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。(2)指双方都知道的人或事物,例如:Open the door,please. (3)指上文提到的人或事物。(4)用在世界上独一无二的事物前。例如:The sun is bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮大些。(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前。例如:The first island is the biggest of the three.第一个小岛是三个中最大的。(6)用在形容词前表示一类人,the +形容词指的是一群人,是一种复数含义,所以其后动词应用复数形式。例如:The old are sick.
3. 零冠词的用法 ,就是不用冠词的情况。
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England, Mary;
2) 泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3) 抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4) 物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5) 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6) 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词;如:have breakfast, play chess
7) 当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus, by train;
8) 固定短语,如:go to hospital 去医院看病;at home, in class,go to bed等。
常见考法
根据对冠词部分全国各地中考试题的分析可知,冠词考查主要在单项选择和完形填空题型之中。冠词主要考查的有:
1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法。
2、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法。
3、部分物质名词抽象名词具体化之后的冠词用法。
4、冠词的位置
不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前。
典型例题1: ――Tina,could you please play____ piano for me while I’m singing?
――With pleasure.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
解析:表示乐器的名词前应用定冠词the 。
答案: C
典型例题2: There is ____“h” in the word “hour”,but____“h” doesn’t make a sound.
A . a, a B. a, the C. the, an D. an, the
解析:这是一道很迷惑人的习题。第一个空很多学生认为“h”是一个辅音字母,所以会填a,但是选择a 或an,看的是音素,即读音,而并不是字母本身,“h”是一个辅音字母,但却是以元音音素开头,所以前面应用an;第二个空“h”第二次出现,所以用定冠词 the 。
答案: D
误区提醒
不定冠词a用于辅音音(而不是字母)开头的单词前,an用于元音音素(而不是字母)开头的单词前,例如上面典型例题2。
上面关于对冠词的讲解,同学们都了解了吗?不懂的可以参考更多相关知识等着同学们的参与哦!
初中英语语法大全:动词的种类
关于英语中动词的种类知识,希望同学们很好的掌握下面的内容学习。
动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。
1.行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的.词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。
如:
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3.助动词
助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如:
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如:
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能”。
b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。
c.need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
以上对动词的种类知识的内容讲解学习,相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧,希望同学们在考试中取得很好的成绩。
初中英语语法大全:动词不定式的形式
对于英语的学习中,关于动词不定式的形式知识点的内容,我们做下面的讲解学习哦。
动词不定式的形式
1.作主语。 如:
To learn English is very important.
但实际上不定式作主语常用 it来作形式主语,而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。
如上句可表达为:
It's very important to learn English.
2.作表语。 如:
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作宾语。 如:
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作宾语补足语。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如: The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如: We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。
如: In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语,可带to也可不带to。
如: Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5.作定语。
a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词千万不要省略。
如: Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。
如: Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。
如: I have no time to play cards.
6.作状语,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。
如: I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式复合结构“for sb. to do sth” 作主语时,常用“It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth”的句式。形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb. to do sth.”
其他形容词用 for。
如:
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8.动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。
如: I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面结构相当于一个从句,故上述句子也可表达为:
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意:
a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式,只能接动词的-ing形式。
如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如: The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些动词后可接不定式,也可接动词的-ing形式,但意思不同。
如: Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
希望上面对动词不定式的形式知识的内容讲解学习,同学们都能很好的掌握,相信同学们会取得很好的成绩的哦。
初中英语语法大全:短语动词的四种类型
同学们认真学习,下面是老师对短语动词的四种类型知识总结。
短语动词的四种类型
动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语,叫短语动词。主要有四类:
一、动词+副词
有的一般不跟宾语,如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等;有的可以跟宾语,如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意:宾语是名词时,放在副词前面或后面都可以,但若作宾语的是人称代词时,就只能放在动词和副词之间了。如:
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我们决定把会议推迟。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我们决定将它推迟。(不说put off it)
二、动词+介词
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必须接宾语。如:
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜欢喝茶。
三、动词+副词+介词
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如:
She soon caught up with us. 她很快赶上了我们。
四、动词+名词+介词
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出贡献等。如:
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的时候,你要照顾好你弟弟。
希望上面老师对短语动词的四种类型知识的讲解学习,同学们都能很好的掌握,相信同学们会学习的很好的哦。
初中英语语法大全:及物动词与不及物动词
关于英语中及物动词与不及物动词的知识学习,我们做下面的内容讲解。
及物动词与不及物动词
根据其后是否带宾语,动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。如:
When will he arrive? 他什么时候到?(arrive 不带宾语,为不及物动词)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语,为及物动词)
有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词:
The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。(不及物用法)
The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。(及物用法)
He is writing. 他在写字。(不及物用法)
He is writing a letter. 他在写信。(及物用法)
The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。 (不及物用法)
The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。(及物用法)
上面对及物动词与不及物动词知识的内容讲解学习,希望给同学们的学习很好的帮助,相信同学们会学习的更好的吧。
初中英语语法大全:实义动词与非实义动词
下面是对英语中实义动词与非实义动词知识的内容讲解,希望同学们很好的掌握。
实义动词与非实义动词
根据其含义和句子功用,动词可分为实义动词和非实义动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等)。如:
He bought a story book. 他买了一本故事书。(buy 为实义动词)
He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。(has 为时态助动词,read为实意动词)
He should read the story book. 他应该读读这本故事书。(should 为情态助动词,red为实义动词)
上面对实义动词与非实义动词知识的内容讲解学习,相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧,希望同学们考试成功。
篇5:初中英语语法冠词介绍
初中英语语法冠词介绍
冠词
一、冠词的概念
冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类.
二、不定冠词:a/an
1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前,而不是辅音字母前面, 如:a book, a desk; 有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头,但需用a修饰,这些单词可以连成一句话:In a university, a European united a one-eyed man to steal a useful thing, then ran away along a one-way road. This is a usual thing.在一所大学里,一个欧洲人联合独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西,然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了。这是一件平常的事。
2.an用于元音发音开头的词前,而不是元音字母前,如:an apple, an hour.
有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头,但发音却是以元音开头,这些单词可以连成一句话:An hour ago, an honest man accepted an honorable task.一个小时以前,一个诚实人接受了一项光荣的任务。
a/an的用法:
1. a/an 用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”“一…”或者“一个”的意思.
a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour
an interesting book a big dog a dangerous animal
2.表示类别:这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类,或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件,或者指某一种类的人或物,但不具体说明是何人或何物例如:???That is a pen, not a pencil.?那是钢笔而不是铅笔。(指属于某一种类)???Give him a pear, please!?请给他一个梨。(指某一种类中的任何一个) An elephant is bigger than a horse. 大象比马大。
和 one 的区别: a/an 表示类别种类,而one强调数量
a bus (表示是一辆公交车 而不是一辆小汽车 也不是火车)
one bus (强调是一辆车 而不是两辆或三辆)
There is a cat under the chair.?椅子下面有一只猫。(强调种类)
There is one cat under the chair.椅子下边有一只猫。(强调数量)
3.用来指某人或某物,但有不具体说明是谁或是什么,如:
A comrade from Shanghai is coming to give us a talk this afternoon.
一位来自上海的同志今天下午将给我们作报告。
My mother once worked in a school. 我母亲曾在一所学校工作。
4. 表示基本单位,作“每一”讲。例如:
three times a day 10 yuan a kilo
six class a day thirty miles an hour等。
5.不定冠词a/an可用在一种职业,阶级或宗教的名称前。如:
What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 你父亲是什么职业?他是名医生。
Mr Black is now a Christian.布莱克先生现在是名基督教徒。
用在序数词前表示“再一”,“又一”,如:
You can try it a second time if you fail.如果你失败了,你可以再试一次。
7.与专有名词连用表示“某一个”,“一个叫......的`人”,如:
A John is waiting for you at the gate.一个叫约翰的人在门口等你。
8.用于说明事物同一性质、特征、程度或大小,表示“相同”,相当于the same. 如:They are all of a size.他们大小都一样。
9.和形容词最高级连用,修饰名词,表示“非常”,如:
It is a most funny story.那是一个非常滑稽的故事。
用于视为一体的两个名词之前,意为“一副、套、只”,如:
a knife and fork一副刀叉 a table and chair一套桌椅
a watch and chain一只带表链的表 a bow and arrow一副弓箭
11.固定短语:
once upon a time 从前 take a look 看一看 catch a cold 感冒 a little 一点点 a few 一点儿 have a rest 休息
三、定冠词the的用法:
1.the 表示特指。表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个,以别于同类中其他的人或事物,相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。
the book in my bag the boy under the tree
the apples in the basket the hospital near my home
2.可以和单、复数名词,也可以和不可数的名词连用。
the books the book the rice the bread the football
the old man the interesting book the teachers the women
3.用法:
1). 定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”:表示某个或某些特定的人或物
Do you know the girl in a red skirt??你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗??
Beijing is the capital of China.?北京是中国的首都。
2). 再次提到上文提到过的人或物,应该用定冠词the。例如:
Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.
There is a boy under the tree.The boy is my brother.
3). 指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:
Let’s go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。
Open the door,please!请打开门。
4). 用于某些固定词组中例如:
in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。
5). 用在形容词前表示一类人。
the old 老人 the young年轻人 the rich富裕的人
the poor_________ the deaf __________ the blind____________
6). 用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人?例如:
The Whites are spending their holiday in England.?
The Greens came to China two years ago .
7). 用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。
the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园
the United States 美国 the October Revolution 十月革命
the Chinese People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军
the Long March 长征
8).用在序数词或形容词最高级前
The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class.
He is the tallest one in our class.
9).世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙)
the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层
The sun rises in the east.
The earth goes round the sun.
10).在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。
in the 1980s 或 in the 1980’s 20世纪80年代
in the nineteenth century 二十世纪
11).在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。
the Changjang River 长江
the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
12).在表示方位的词前,如:
The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west. 太阳从东边升起,从西边落下
Jiangxi lies in the south of China. 江西位于中国的南方。
13)在乐器名称前常用定冠词,如:
He often plays the piano at five in the afternoon. 他常在下午五点弹钢琴。
Can you play the violin? 你会拉小提琴吗?
篇6:初中英语语法冠词课件
初中英语语法冠词课件
(一)概说
1.冠词是一种虚词,不能独立担任一个成分,只能附着在一个名词上,帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词:
1)定冠词the 2)不定冠词a/an
定冠词the通常读作[],在元音前读作[i],特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式,读作[n];在其他情况下则使用a,读作[]。
2.冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,表示“一个”的意思,用在可数名词单数前。
例如: She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife. 他是一位英国人,有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the,与this同源,有“这(那)个”的意思,但比较弱,表示一(几)个特定的人或东西,有时可译作“这个(些)”或“那个(些)”。
例如:
That’s the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 Who’s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁?
但在很多情况下,“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如: Put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。
3.特指和泛指
一般来说,名词有特指和泛指两种情况,请比较下面的句子:
A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。(泛指)
Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。(特指)
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词,而泛指时则有三种情况:
1)在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。
例如: She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2)在可数名词复数前可不加冠词,可使用some, any这类词。
例如: These are new words. 这些是生词。 She sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。
3)在不可数名词前多不加什么,有时也可加some, any等。
例如: It’s lovely weather. 天气真好。 Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗?
Give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。
(二)不定冠词的基本用法
1.泛指某一类人或事物中的一个,代表某一类别(不一定译为“一”)
例如: His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。
2.代表某一类人或事物,相当于any(+名词)(不必译为“一”,但必须用a,表示类别)
例如: A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
3.指某人或某物(不是指某一类),但不具体说明何人或何物(一般译为“一”)
例如: This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。
4.表示数量,有“一”的.意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)
例如: Wait a moment. 等一下。
5.表示单位,相当于“每”的意思
例如: We have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。
6.用于某此固定词组中
例如: a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
(三)定冠词的基本用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
例如: Give me the book. 把那本书给我。
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
例如: Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿?
3.再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
例如:
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。
4.用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
例如: The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前
例如: Mr Wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中,太阳离地球最近。
6.用在单数可数名词,表示某一类人或事物
例如:The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
7.与下列专有名词连用
1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
例如: the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2)在姓氏的复数名词前,表示夫妇二人或全家人
例如: The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8.和某些形容词连用,表示一类人
例如:
the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人
9.在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)
in the end go to the cinema
(四)不用冠词的几种情况
1.在专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前
例如:
Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗? We love science. 我们爱好科学。
2.在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
例如: Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。
3.在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
例如: It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。
It’s Tuesday, August the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日,星期三。
Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有?
4.称呼语或表示头衔,职务的名词前
例如:
What’s the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦,迈克?
He is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。
5.学科和球类运动的名称前
例如:
We study English. 我们学习英语。 Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗?
6.名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时,不用冠词
例如:
That is her bike那是她的自行车。Each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7.在某些固定词组的名词前
例如: at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词,不需要的地方用“/”表示:
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black’s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People’s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择:
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚
A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening C. from a morning to an evening
III. 选择填空:
1. There is ______ old woman in the car.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the B. an, the C. a, / D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, / B. an, a C. a, / D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story.
A. an, the B. the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let’s go for ______ walk, shall we?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an B. The, a C. The , the D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an B. one C. a D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
11. Don’t play ______ basketball here. It’s dangerous.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It’s _______ big apple.
A. an, a B. a, the C. a, an D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The B. an, The C. an, An D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a B. an C. the D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the B. /, the C. /, a D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the B. a, the C. the, the D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
24. With the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a B. an C. the D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the B. a, a C. an, the D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the B. The, a C. A, an D. The, /
冠词
I. 1. an, a 2. the, / 3. A, a 4. the, /, a 5. a 6. a 7. /, an 8. an, the 9. a, the, The 10. the, the, the, the 11. The, the 12. the, the, the 13. The , the 14. The 15. a, the 16. the 17. the, the 18. /, /, / 19. The, the 20. /, the
II. 1—5 ACAAC 6—10 ACBCA 11—15 BABBA 16—20 AABCB
III. 1—5 DCDAC 6—10 ACBDB 11—15 CACAB 16—20 DCBBA
21—25 CBBBC 26—28 DCD
篇7:初中英语语法资料
初中英语语法资料必备
在习惯上只用作定语的形容词
习惯上只用作定语的形容词
这里说的定语指的是位于名词前作定语(即前置定语),而不是位于名词后作定语(即不用作后置定语),如main 是定语形容词,可以说main things,但不能说something main,因为后置定语从本质上说相当于表语,即something main 从本质上说相当于something that is main。下面是几类典型的定语形容词:
一、表示相对关系的形容词
former 以前的,从前的 latter 后期的,后半的
inner 内部的,里面的 outer 外部的,外面的
upper 上部的,上游的 lower 下部的,下游的
elder 年岁较大的 eldest 最年长的
indoor 室内的,屋内的 outdoor 室外的,屋外的
inside 里面的,内侧的 outside 外面的,外侧的
upstairs 楼上的 downstairs 楼下的
【注】inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs 等既可用作形容词也可用作副词。用于形容词时,只用于名词前作定语;若用作副词,则可用作表语(或名词后作定语)。
二、表示强调意义的形容词
mere 仅仅的' very 极端的
outright 完全的 thorough 十足的
plain 完全的 complete 彻底的
pure 完全的 perfect 全然的
【注】若用于其他意义,有的可用作表语,如plain表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表语;perfect 表示“完美的”、“完备的”、“准确的”等,也可用作表语。
三、表示度量的复合形容词
three-year-old 3岁大的 120-page 120页的
five-year 5年的
若用作表语或后置定语,则不用连字符:
She has a five-year-old son. 她有一个5岁的儿子。
Her son is five years old. 她的儿子五岁。
She has a son five years old. 她有一个5岁的孩子。
四、某些与时间有关的形容词
daily 每日的 everyday 每日的
monthly 每月的 present 现在的
last刚过去的 existing 现在的
【注】若用于其他意义,有的也可以用作表语,如present 表示“出席”、“在场”时,只用作表语。
动词如何接ed
英语中在描述过去发生的事情时,动词是要发生变形的,也就是我们所说的动词的过去式和过去分词。在规则变化中,一般就是在动词后加上ed,今天我们就来看看该如何接吧~~
1. 一般在词尾加“-ed”
help-helped-helped 帮助
look-looked-looked 看
plant-planted-planted 种植
work-worked-worked 工作
2. 以不发音e结尾的词加“-d”
live-lived-lived 居住
hope-hoped-hoped 希望
change-changed-changed 变化
3. 名词以“元音字母+y”结尾时,加“-ed”;以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变 y为i,再加“-ed”
play-played-played 玩
stay-stayed-stayed 逗留
study-studied-studied 学习
carry-carried-carried 运送
4. 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,要双写这个辅音字母,然后再加ed。
drop-dropped-dropped 掉落
stop-stopped-stopped 停止
plan-planned-planned 计划
prefer-preferred-preferred 更喜欢
5. 少数双音节动词,尽管重音不在后面,可以双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加ed。
travel-traveled-traveled(美语)旅行
travel-travelled-travelled(英语)
初中必备英语语法:八种宾语从句不省略that
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2. 有间接宾语时。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如:
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7. 位于句首时。如:
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如:
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
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